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Below are listed all the roads, streets, drives, avenues etc. (plus a few buildings), from around the world named Ipswich that we have been able to locate. The list is not definitive, as there may be some that have slipped through the net & if anyone knows of any others that I’ve missed I would be grateful if you could let me know by emailing the details to info@planetipswich.com . Once verified, I will then add them to the list.  These roads are located in 9 countries throughout the world, including a few which use the spelling ‘Ipswitch’.  There are also 8 roads or houses named Gippeswyk/Gyppeswyk/Gyppeswick/Gippeswick or Gippeswyck (one in Canada, the rest in England), which are separately listed.  As well as Ipswich Road & Ipswich Street, there are also places called Ipswich Drive, Avenue, Way, Circle, Court, Lane, Place, Close, Mews, Walk, Gardens, Grove, Circus, Crescent, Terrace, Parkway & Motorway, as well as one simply called ‘Ipswich’.  There are, of course, two types of roads listed. Firstly there are those that lead to, or in the general direction of, one of the Ipswiches. Secondly there are those, usually in towns & cities, that have been given the name by the local authorities, possibly as part of an area theme (e.g.‘English towns’). Some, however, may have other reasons for being named Ipswich, & if anyone has any information on why this should be in any particular location, once again I would be interested to receive details. Place d’Ipswich in Arras, France, for example, is so named due to the partnership between that town & Ipswich, England. The countries are listed in the following order: (Click on the links below) England (listed alphabetically by county)    Wales    France     Germany    South Africa    New Zealand     Australia (listed alphabetically by state/territory)    USA (listed alphabetically by state)    Canada    Gippeswyk/Gippeswyck/Gyppeswyk/Gippeswick - England   Gippeswyk - Wales Gyppeswick - Canada   England Note of explanation regarding Suffolk, Norfolk & Essex The Ipswich Roads of Suffolk, Norfolk & Essex can get a bit confusing at times, insofar as there are sections of certain roads that bear the name Ipswich Road for a stretch, before changing names, only to become Ipswich Road again a few miles further on. In a case like this I have listed each section separately. On the other hand, some stretches named Ipswich Road run unbroken for several miles through a number of villages. In this case I have listed them only once.  The A140 is a good example of both the above scenarios. From its junction with the A146 in Norwich, the A140 is known as the Ipswich Road for several miles as it runs southwards through Caistor St. Edmund, Swainsthorpe, Newton Flotman & Saxlingham Thorpe, before becoming the Norwich Road near Tasburgh. This road could, conceivably be listed several times (Ipswich Road Swainsthorpe, Ipswich Road Newton Flotman etc) However, as the name remains unchanged for this entire stretch, I have counted it as one road. Conversely, a few miles further south it becomes the Ipswich Road again in two different locations (firstly at Long Stratton, then again at Tivetshall St.Mary to Scole). These sections are therefore listed separately. Bedfordshire Ipswich Villas, 27/29 The Baulk, Biggleswade, SG18 0PX  (preserved semi-detached period building) Berkshire Ipswich Road, Slough, SL1 Bristol Ipswich Drive, Bristol, BS4 4BW Bournemouth Devon Ipswich Close, Plymouth, PL5 Dorset Ipswich Road, Bournemouth, BH4 9HZ                                    Essex Ipswich Road, from Colchester, Essex to Holton St Mary, Suffolk, CO7 (A12) Ipswich Road, Colchester, CO1/CO4 (A1232) Old Ipswich Road, from Colchester to Ardleigh, CO7     (joining A12 just before Langham) Ipswich Road, Langham, CO4 5NQ                                         (separate road from the above and A12) Ipswich Road, Holland on Sea, Clacton on Sea, CO15 Ipswich Road, Dedham, CO7  Ipswich Mews, Basildon, SS16    Greater London Ipswich Road, Borough of Merton, SW17 Ipswich House, St Norbert Road, SE4 2FF  (4 storey 1930s residential block, demolished in 2005 & replaced by residential block named Dance House.) Ipswich House, 6 Gough Street, WC1 0BW   (Apartment block)   Greater Manchester Ipswich Walk, Manchester, M12 4UQ Ipswich Walk, Denton, M34 7FX  Ipswich Street, Rochdale, OL11 1JS Lancashire Ipswich Road, Ribbleton, Preston, PR2 6DJ Ipswich Place, Blackpool, FY5 Leicestershire Ipswich Close, Leicester, LE4 Lincolnshire Ipswich Gardens, Grantham, NG31 8SE   Merseyside Ipswich Close, Liverpool L192 HP    Norfolk Ipswich Road, Dickleburgh, IP21 Ipswich Road, Thelveton, IP21 (Short spur off Old Norwich Road, listed on Google maps as Ipswich Road, Dickleburgh & Rushall) Ipswich Road, Norwich (A146) Ipswich Road, from Norwich to Tasburgh, NR15 (A140) Ipswich Road, Long Stratton, NR15 (A140) Ipswich Road, from Tivetshall St.Mary to Scole, IP21 (A140) Ipswich Road, Pulham Market, IP21 (A140) Ipswich Grove, Norwich, NR2 2LU Ipswich House, Bond St, Cromer NR27 9DA  (An apartment block)  North Yorkshire Ipswich Avenue, Middlesbrough, TS3 Nottinghamshire Ipswich Circus, Nottingham, NG3 Ipswich House, 57 Ipswich Circus, NG3 7DX   (Holiday home) Stowmarket Suffolk Ipswich Road, Woodbridge to Martlesham IP12 (B1438)  Ipswich Close, Sutton, Woodbridge, IP12 3TB Ipswich Avenue, Sutton, Woodbridge, IP12 3TA Ipswich Road, Orford IP12 (B1084) Ipswich Road, Newbourne, IP12 4NS Ipswich Road, Waldringfield, IP12 4QU Ipswich Road, Charsfield, IP13 (B1078) Ipswich Road, Nedging-with- Naughton, IP7 (B1078) Ipswich Road, Gosbeck IP6 9SQ Ipswich Road, Otley, IP6  Ipswich Road, Grundisburgh, IP13 6TJ Ipswich Street, Bury St Edmunds, IP33 1SX Ipswich Court, Bury St Edmunds, IP33 1ST Ipswich Road, Rougham, Bury St Edmunds,  IP30 (A14) Ipswich Street, RAF Lakenheath, Brandon, IP27 9NZ Stowmarket Ipswich Way, Pettaugh, IP14 Ipswich Road, Pettaugh, IP14  Ipswich Road, Stowmarket, IP14                                                                                           Ipswich Street, Stowmarket, IP14 Ipswich Road, Needham Market, IP6 (B1113)  Ipswich Road, Holbrook, IP9 (B1080) Ipswich Road, Debenham, IP14  Ipswich Road, Helmingham, IP14 (B1077) Ipswich Road, Harkstead, IP9 1BJ Ipswich Road, Brantham, CO11 (A137) Ipswich Road, Tattingstone, IP9 Ipswich Road, between Hadleigh & Hintlesham (A1071)  Old Ipswich Road, Claydon, IP6 Ipswich Road, Claydon, IP6  Ipswich Road, Elmsett, IP7 6NY Ipswich Road, Between Offton & Somersham, IP8 Ipswich Road, Witnesham, IP6  Ipswich Road, Nacton, IP10 Old Ipswich Road, Yaxley, Eye, IP23 Ipswich Road, Lowestoft, NR32 Ipswich Eastern By-Pass, IP5/IP10 (A12) Ipswich Southern By-Pass, IP3/IP8  (A14) Ipswich Western By-Pass, IP8 (A14) Ipswich Lane, Cretingham, IP13 7BW The Ipswich Lodge, Shrubland Park, Coddenham IP6 9QQ  (An Italianate-style lodge built in 1841      standing on the old Ipswich-Norwich road. Named because it was on the park exit for Ipswich, but usually known as Barham Lodge because it is located in that parish.)    West Midlands Ipswich Crescent, Birmingham, B42 1LY Ipswich Walk, Chelmsley Wood, Birmingham, B37 5QX Ipswich House, Ipswich Walk, Chelmsley Wood, Birmingham, B37 5QX  (A short-term community housing facility for adults.) Wiltshire Ipswich Street, Swindon, SN2 1DB Wales  Ipswich Road, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, CF23 Arras                              France  Place d’Ipswich, 62000, Arras  Rue d’Ipswich, Fricourt, (Twinned with Ipswich after World War 1) Germany  Ipswich Walk, 41179, Mönchengladbach See Militaria section on Suffolk Misc. page of www.planetsuffolk.com   South Africa  Ipswich Road, Lenasia South, Johannesburg 1835, Gauteng Ipswich Street, Nelson Mandela Bay (Port Elizabeth) 6025, Eastern Cape Ipswich Road, Port Edward, Hibiscus Coast Municipality 4295, Kwa-Zulu-Natal   Ipswich Road, Mitchells Plain, Cape Town 7785, Western Cape                                                                                                                   New Zealand  Ipswich Place, Auckland, 1072,  North Island Ipswich Grove, Arakura, Wellington, 5014, North Island Ipswich Street, Balclutha, Otago ,9230, South Island Ipswich Street, Hampden, Otago, 9410, South Island Ipswich Street, Bradford, Otago, 9011, South Island Australia  Australian Capital Territory Ipswich Street, Symonston, ACT 2609 New South Wales Ipswich Avenue, Glenwood, NSW 2768 Queensland Ipswich Motorway/Road, from Riverview, Ipswich to Brisbane (Listed on Google maps as Ipswich Road/Motorway, Wacol, QLD 4076 & Ipswich Road, Annerley, QLD 4103) Ipswich Road Service Road (At least 8 separate pieces of service road running parallel to, & on either side of, Ipswich Motorway/Road) Ipswich Road Park, Factory Road, Oxley, QLD 4075 (a 25 hectares park adjacent to the Ipswich Road & Motorway) Ipswich Mall, Ipswich City Square, Nicholas St, Ipswich QLD 4305  Ipswich Grande Plaza, 87 Brisbane St, Ipswich QLD 4305 (see Ipswich Hotel & Ipswich Tavern on Ips Misc . page.) Ipswich Street, Riverview, QLD 4303 Old Ipswich Road, Riverview & Redbank, QLD 4303 & 4301 Ipswich Street, Warrill View, QLD 4307 Ipswich Street, East Toowoomba, QLD 4350   (There is also an open space called Ipswich Park) Ipswich Street, Grandchester, QLD 4340 Ipswich Street, Esk, QLD 4312 Ipswich-Rosewood Road, Amberley, Qld 4306 Ipswich Road, Roadvale QLD 4310  Ipswich-Boonah Road (Highway 90 from near Beaudesert to Boonah) Ipswich-Boonah Road (Highway 93 from Coulson to Yamanto)  Ipswich City Tower, Bell Street, Ipswich QLD 4305 Ipswich Gardens, Grange Road, Ipswich QLD 4305  (A retirement village)  Ipswich-Warrego Highway Connection, Brassall, QLD 4305    Victoria  Ipswich Court, Wantirna, VIC3152  Ipswich Place, Craigieburn, VIC 3064 Ipswich Street, St Albans, VIC 3021 Western Australia Ipswich Crescent, Girrawheen, WA 6064  Ipswich Parkway, Geogrup, WA 6210 Ipswich Street, Wellard, WA 6170 United States of America  Arizona West Ipswitch Way, Surprise, AZ 85374                            (Spelt with a ‘t’) Arkansas Ipswich Drive, Fairfield Bay, AR 72088 Ipswich Drive, Bella Vista, AR 72714 Ipswich Circle, Bella Vista, AR 72714 California Ipswitch Court, Fair Oaks, CA 95628                                 (Spelt with a ‘t’) Ipswich Court, Newark, CA 94560 Ipswich Street, La Habra, CA 90631 Ipswich Lane, Daly City, CA 94014 Ipswich Way, Modesto, CA 95358 Ipswich Avenue, Modesto, CA 95358                                (Part of Ipswich Way) Ipswich Court, Sun City, CA 92586 Ipswich Way, Bakersfield, CA 93311 Ipswich Court, Los Angeles, CA 90077 Ipswich Way, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523 Ipswich Street, Westminster, CA 92683 Ipswich Street, Playa del Rey, CA 90293 (see Ipswich Street in a Californian Ghost Town  on Misc. page) Colorado Ipswich Street, Boulder, CO 80301 ConnecticutIpswich Street, West Haven, CT 06516 Ipswitch Road, Bristol, CT 06010                                       (Spelt with a ‘t’) Delaware Ipswich Drive, Wilmington, DE 19808 Florida Ipswich Street, Boca Raton, FL 33487 Ipswich Street Northwest, Palm Bay, FL 32907 Ipswich Street, Altamonte Springs, FL 32701 Ipswich Drive, Cocoa, FL 32926 Ipswich Lane, Port Orange, FL 32127 Ipswich Circle, Fort Walton, FL 32547 Ipswitch Court, Fort Myers, FL 33907                               (Spelt with a ‘t’) Ipswich Drive, Englewood, FL 34223 West Ipswich Lane, Hernando, FL 34442 Ipswich Court, Orlando, FL 32824 Ipswich Court, Port Richey, FL 34668 Ipswich Avenue, Interlachen, FL 32148 Ipswich Sparrow Road, Brooksville, FL 34614 Ipswitch Street, The Villages, FL32163                            (Spelt with a ‘t’) Georgia Ipswich Glen, Suwanee, GA 30024  Ipswich Hall, Piedmont College, Central Avenue, Demoret, GA 30535    (A hall of residence)  Ipswitch Lane, Albany, GA 31721                                               (Spelt with a ‘t’) Illinois Ipswich Court, Elk Grove Village, IL 60007   Indiana  Ipswich Close, Valparaiso, IN 46385 Ipswich Court, Indianapolis, IN 46254 Kentucky Ipswich Court, Lexington, KY 40503 Ipswich Court, Monticello, KY 40514   Maine Ipswich Street, Auburn, ME  04210 Ipswich Court, Yarmouth, ME  04096 Ipswich Circle, Oxford, ME 04270   Maryland Ipswich Road, Bethesda, MD 20814 Ipswich Court, Lake Shore, MD 21122 Ipswich Drive, Bel Air, MD 21014 Olde Ipswich Circle, Hagerstown, MD 21742  Massachusetts Olde Ipswich Way (previously Old Ipswich Village), Ipswich, MA 01938 Ipswich Woods Drive, Ipswich, MA 01938 Ipswich Street, Boston, MA 02215 Ipswich Place, Boston, MA 02128 Ipswich Road, Boxford, MA 01921 Ipswich Street, North Andover, MA 01845 Ipswich Road, Topsfield, MA 01983 Ipswich Lane, Topsfield, MA 01983 New Ipswich Road, Ashby, MA 01431/03071 Ipswich Drive, Winchendon, MA 01475 Ipswich Drive, Littleton, MA 01460 Ipswich Street, Seekonk, MA 02771 Ipswich Street, Saugus, MA 01906 Ipswich Street, North Billerica, MA 01862 Ipswich Road, Newton, MA 02461 Ipswich River Road, Danvers, MA 01923 Ipswich Street, Hull, MA 02045 Ipswich Drive, Taunton, MA 02780 Ipswich Circle, Osterville, Barnstaple, MA 02655 Ipswich Drive, East Falmouth, MA 02536 Ipswich River Place, Haverhill Street, North Reading, MA 01864      Ipswich River Park Path, North Reading, MA 01864 (See Ipswich River Park in Ipswich River  section of the Ipswich, Mass. page) Ipswich Street, Nantucket, MA 02554 Ipswich Street, Tewksbury, MA 01876 Ipswich River Trail, Topsfield, MA 01983 (A recreational trail in the Ipswich River Wildlife Sanctuary - see Ipswich River  on the Ipswich, Mass. page) Ipswich River Parcel, Peabody, MA 01949     (recreational park adjoining the Ipswich River)  Michigan Ipswich Drive Northwest, Walker, MI 49544 Minnesota Ipswich Way, Lakeville, MN 55044 Missouri Ipswich Lane, St. Charles, MO 63301 Ipswich Court, Florissant, MO 63033 Nevada Ipswich Way, Las Vegas, NV 89147 New Hampshire Old New Ipswich Road, Temple, NH 03084 Old New Ipswich Road, Rindge, NH 03461 Ipswich Court, East Merrimack, NH 03054 Ipswich Circle, Nashua, NH 03063 Ipswich Lane, Rochester, NH 03868  New Jersey Ipswich Lane, Williamstown, NJ 08094 Ipswich Place, Sewell, NJ 08080 New York Ipswich Avenue, Great Neck, NY 11021 Ipswich Road, Patterson, NY 12563 Ipswich Lane, Loch Sheldrake, Fallsburg, NY 12759   (address also given as Hurleyville, NY 12747  - adjoining hamlets) Ipswich Place, Coram, Brookhaven, NY 11727 Ipswitch Lane, Monticello, NY 12701                                  (spelt with a ‘t’)                North Carolina Ipswich Court, Summerfield, NC 27358 Ohio Ipswich Street, Westerville, OH 43081 Ipswich Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45224 Ipswich Court, Brunswick, OH 44212 Ipswich Street, Springfield, OH 45503 Ipswick Circle, Columbus, OH 43224                              (spelt with a ‘k’) Ipswitch Lane, Quaker City, OH 43773                            (spelt with a ‘t’) Oregon West Ipswich Street, Gladstone, OR 97027   Pennsylvania  Ipswich Court, Pittsburgh, PA 15206 Rhode Island Ipswich Street, Johnston, RI 02919 Ipswich Towers, Ipswich Street, Johnston, RI 02919  South Carolina Ipswich Lane, Simpsonville, SC 29681 Ipswich Court, Charleston, SC 29403 Ipswich Court, Santee, SC 29142  Tennessee Ipswich Lane, Powell, TN 37849 Ipswitch Court, Thompsons Station, TN 37179            (Spelt with a ‘t’) Ipswitch Drive, Thompsons Station, TN 37179             (Spelt with a ‘t’)  Texas Ipswich, San Antonio, TX 78254                       (Road simply called ‘Ipswich’) Ipswich Road, Houston, TX 77061 Ipswich Drive, Plano, TX 75025 Ipswich Place, El Paso, TX 79928 Ipswich Bay Drive, Austin, TX 78747 Ipswich Lane, Frisco, Tx 75034                         Ipswich Lane, McKinney, TX 75071  Virginia Ipswich Place, Charlottesville, VA 22901      Wisconsin Ipswitch Road, Platteville, WI 53818      (Spelt with a ‘t’)   Canada  Ipswich Terrace, Ottawa, Ontario Ipswich Road, Hamilton, Ontario Ipswich Place, Hamilton, Ontario (The northern part of Ipswich Road, a cul-de-sac, renamed in Sept. 2014)   Ipswich Crescent, Toronto, Ontario Ipswich Place, Whitby, Ontario Gippeswyk/Gippeswyck/Gyppeswyk/Gippeswick - England  Gippeswyk Avenue, Ipswich, Suffolk, IP2     (see sign, below) Gippeswyk Road, Ipswich, Suffolk, IP2 Gippeswyk Hall, Gippeswyk Avenue, Ipswich IP2 9AF Gyppeswyk House, Anglesea Heights, Anglesea Road, Ipswich IP1 3NG (Apartments Block)  ; Gyppeswyk Terrace, Tanners Lane, Ipswich (former row of terraced houses, now demolished to make way for lower end of Civic Drive). Gippeswyk, Basildon, Essex, SS14 2HQ (Road simply named ‘Gippeswyk’) Gippeswyck Close, Pinner, Greater London, HA5 3QT Gyppeswyk, Church Road North, Portishead, Bristol BS20 6PS     (House) Gippeswick Cottage, Happy Bottom, Corfe Mullen, Wimborne, Dorset BH21 Gippeswyk, High Street, Great Shelford, Cambridgeshire,  CB22 5EH     (House) Gippeswyk - Wales  Gippeswyk, 13 The Grove, Merthyr Tydfil, Mid Glamorgan, CF47 8BR     (House) Gyppeswick - Canada  British Columbia Gyppeswick House, 1040 Rock Street, Rockland, Victoria      (See Ips Misc.  page)

Order of contents on this page: (Click on the links below) Europe: ' The Ipswich Galley' HMAS Ipswich Ships with the suffix 'of Ipswich' The Ipswich Catts   HMS  Ipswich Ipswich  1759 Ipswich  1761 Ipswich (Whaler) 1786 Ipswich  (Schooner) 1823  Ipswich  (Steamer) 1825  Ipswich Trader (Sailing Barge) 1827  Ipswich  (Barque) 1845  Ipswich Lass Pride of Ipswich  (Spritsail) 1864 Lifeboats PS Ipswich  & SS Ipswich  (2 Great Eastern Railway Steamships) ST  Ipswich  (Trawler) 1896   Ipswich  (Bucket Dredger) 1897 Ipswich  1912   Gippeswic  1912  Lurline of Ipswich  1914   Ipswich Trader   1922     Gippeswyk /Gyppeswyk (Yacht) 1935  Rotterdam-Ipswich Lijn NV – Ipswich Pioneer , Ipswich Progress , Ipswich Purpose , Ipswich Progress II , Ipswich Pioneer II Ipswicht   Gulf Ipswich  Esso Ipswich City Of Ipswich Ipswich Way Contship Ipswich Ipswich Bay Antares of Ipswich New Spirit of Ipswich Spirit of Ipswich  My Fair Lady of Ipswich Arwen of Ipswich   2003  Gyppeswyk   2009 Yachts and Other Small Craft Thames Barges ‘ of Ipswich ’  Australia:  Ipswich  (Bremer River Paddle Steamer)  HMAS  Ipswich  (J186) HMAS  Ipswich  (FCPB209) USA: Ipswich  - 1776    Perseverance of Ipswich  - 1804 Ipswich  - 1919  Ipswitch  Swift of Ipswich  USS  Ipswich  (PC-1186)                                                                                                             'The Ipswich Galley'  Not strictly speaking a ship named Ipswich, however this thirteenth century vessel has since become known as ‘The Ipswich Galley’. In 1294, twenty six towns in the south & east of England were ordered by King Edward I to build galleys for the war with France. Two prominent Ipswich citizens - Philip Harneys & Thomas Aylred -were assigned to build Ipswich ’ s contribution, plus a barge or tender. Harneys is known to have owned a shipyard on what was then known as Ding Quay (now Neptune Quay) & it is probable that this is where the galley was built. No plans or designs have survived, although copies of the builder’s inventory are still in existence. The King had ordered that the galleys should each be fitted with 120 oars, & it has been surmised, from the inventory, that the Ipswich ship would have had a mast 80 feet high. The ship took six months to build, but when launched was damaged by a storm during her first sea trial, which took eight days to repair.  What became of the ‘Ipswich Galley’ thereafter is not recorded. Ships with the suffix ‘of Ipswich’ Prior to the first Register of Ships, published by Lloyd's Register in 1764, the records of ship’s names & where they were built is very patchy. The importance of Ipswich, both as a port & a centre of the ship building industry, however, is evident from the volume of ships prior to the mid eighteenth century that bear the suffix of Ipswich . Many are known only by a single reference; from port books, state papers, the Ipswich Corporation Records, court or chancery records etc. There is, in most cases, very little detail extant concerning these vessels; some being simply no more than a passing reference. It is impossible in most cases to know the size & tonnage of the vessel, or how she was rigged.  It seems that the suffix of Ipswich  was appended to the name of the ship in order to differentiate between ships of the same name from different ports; as many of the names, particularly personal names such as William, Margaret, George etc, were in common use as the names of British vessels prior to the nineteenth century. In many instances, it is unclear whether the of Ipswich  suffix is actually part of the craft’s name, or simply an indication of the ship’s place of origin.  It is, however, with the of Ipswich  tag that they have been preserved for posterity, & therefore how they are now known. We have adopted a policy of noting those that we have found prior to the end of the 16th century.  There were undoubtedly more that have been lost to history through the lack or loss of records from that period.  After 1600 there is far more information available as the Admiralty required that records should be maintained at the ports of ships based there.  For the 17th century we, therefore, only mention ships “ of Ipswich ” that are (in our opinion) noteworthy for some reason, particularly with those lost at sea or were involved in the transport of the early pioneers to America.  Mighel (or Michel) of Ipswich:  Recorded in 1311, with Nicholas de Oreford as governor & John Irp as master.  Magdalen of Ipswich:  Summoned by the Navy in 1372, this ship & its crew are recorded as being reinforced by 28 fighting men en route from Gascony. George of Ipswich: A merchantman of 170 tons, converted for war with France in 1385. Mary of Ipswich:  Recorded as arriving at her home port in 1386 laden with 110 tuns (large casks) of wine. Katerine of Ipswich:  Ran aground with a cargo of iron, wine & salt on sandbanks at the mouth of the Thames in 1390, probably returning from Spain. Trinity of Ipswich:  Recorded several times in the late fourteenth century as returning to Ipswich with cargoes of salt or wine. She is known to have sailed from Ipswich, under master Robert Templeman, in July 1398 carrying a large consignment of cloth, probably bound for Spain or Gascony. This may also have been the Trinity  that was summoned by the Navy around 1402, along with 80 mariners from Ipswich & the surrounding villages, under master John Mayhew. Laurence of Ipswich:  Owned by Edmund Brook of Ipswich, this vessel is recorded in chancery records of 1408, after a protracted dispute with Hull merchants who had seized the ship. Brook was eventually awarded damages of more than £1,400 by the Admiralty court. Nicholas of Ipswich:  Under master Richard Gouty, this craft was involved in a dispute with William Johanson of Newcastle in 1424. This may also have been the same Nicholas  that was summoned by the Navy in 1382. Margaret (or Margarete) of Ipswich:  Robert Toke is recorded as owning a quarter share of this merchantman, which he sold to the King in 1462, after which she was converted for war. Kervell (or Kervel) of Ipswich:  In 1481, Thomas Coke is recorded as being commissioned by the King to take 40 mariners in the former wool ship ‘Kervel of Eppswich’  to fight against the Scots.  (Kervel is another spelling of ‘carvel’; a type of ‘skeleton ship’ in which each plank is fastened separately, edge to edge, onto the ship’s frame to give a stronger, more watertight hull. They were usually two or three masted) James of Ipswich:  Recorded in the petty court records of the 1490s as sailing for Iceland to trade on behalf of London haberdasher Philip Balle.  John of Ipswich:  Petty court records of 1498 provide evaluation details of this vessel, which was the subject of a dispute between Thomas Waltrot & Robert Brussele. It was decided that she was worth £24 fully rigged. Sabine of Ipswich:  William Sabine (1491-1543) was a prominent merchant of Ipswich and master of his own ship, named after him.  In 1512 he was called upon to patrol the Straits of Dover to keep them free for shipping.  He was later the MP for Ipswich from 1539 to 1540. Lion of Ipswich:  Recorded as carrying broadcloth to Vigo, Spain in 1568. Thomas of Ipswich:  One of the 15 ships that sailed with Martin Frobisher on his government-sponsored third voyage to the New World looking for the North-West Passage in 1578.  This ship of 130 tons was paid for by Thomas Bonham of Ickworth, Suffolk, hence its name.  The venture was unprofitable and it only made this one journey to Canada and back because it was “so beaten up by weather that £100 could not save her” as was claimed in Thomas Bonham’s petition for reimbursement from the government.   William of Ipswich:  Owned by John Tye, this hoy of 140 tons sailed against the Armada in 1588, with Barnabie Lowe in command.  (The Lowe family were prominent mariners of Ipswich - see further below.)  A William of Ipswich  was still sailing in 1657, when she was recorded in the London Port Book. Katherine of Ipswich (also recorded as Catherine of Ipswich):  Another hoy, this one of 125 tons, owned by John Barber. She also sailed against the Armada in 1588, under the command of Thomas Grymble. The cost of sending the two vessels above to war was borne by the Ipswich Corporation, with the town bailiffs mortgaging Portman’s Meadow (the site of the modern day football ground) to raise the funds. Both vessels served in the fleet as armed merchantmen (coasters or hoys), carrying freight and supplies to and from the major ships, in the division commanded by Lord Henry Seymour.  Both were armed with 50 guns. The next year (1589), in a reprisal expedition to Spain, Ipswich sent four vessels: in the second squadron was the James of Ipswich  (180 tons); the William of Ipswich  (160 tons); the Red Lion of Ipswich  (a hoy of 160 tons); and in the fifth squadron the William of Ipswich  (a hoy of 200 tons).  (The tonnage shown for the same ship differed at this period because of the various ways of assessing a ship - see Adventure of Ipswich  below.) Long Robert of Ipswich:  During the war with Spain, a military expedition was sent against Cadiz in 1625 in which this ship was lost with all hands (175 men) in a storm on 12th October 1625. Adventure of Ipswich:  This was the largest merchantman on the east coast, between 220 and 240 tons, dependent on the way that ships were assessed at that time.  This was the problem, there were at least two ways of assessing the tonnage.  The first thing to say is that “tonnage” has nothing to do with weight.  It is to do with the volume of the ship, i.e. the availability to earn revenue.  The tax levied on shipping was based on the number of theoretical “tuns” (barrels) of wine it could hold.  In order to estimate the capacity of a ship in terms of “tuns” for tax purposes, a formula was used that took the measurements of the length, breadth (beam) of the ship and depth of the keel.  The two measures used differed in the interpretation of what constituted these parts of a ship.  In 1627 the commissioners for the navy decided to adopt a third standard of measurement and they chose the Adventure of Ipswich , being the largest merchant ship available, as the example as to how to perform these measurements.  The  Mayflower II  that was built and sailed across the Atlantic in 1957 was not actually a replica of that ship, since its measurements were unknown, but it was modelled on the Adventure of Ipswich , whose dimensions were obviously known.  The Mayflower II is now berthed at Plymouth, Massachusetts.   The Lowe family of Ipswich had a notable line of mariners.  Barnabie Lowe was captain of the William of Ipswich  in 1588 (see above).  His cousin John Lowe (died 1612) in his will bequeathed his share of ownership in the Tobias of Ipswich , Little Suzan of Ipswich , The Robert of Ipswich , and Rebecca of Ipswich  to his sons.  The Rebecca of Ipswich  was later captured by Dutch privateers in 1658 along with the Mary of Ipswich , both being sold and renamed.  As was usual for this period, John Lowe and his sons were also masters (captains) for several voyages of the various ships in which they were part-owners.  His son, also John Lowe, is notable for his part in the Winthrop fleet that led the first large wave of immigrants from England to North America in 1630. John Lowe the younger was master of the Abraham of Ipswich  in 1610 according to the Records of the High Court of Admiralty.  In 1625 Saphire Ford built a ship at Ipswich which was named Ambrose of Ipswich  of 250 tons or thereabouts.  John Lowe became master of the newly built ship.  In April 1630 the Ambrose of Ipswich  was part of John Winthrop’s fleet of 12 ships taking immigrants to the New World with John Lowe appointed rear-admiral, second-in-command.  On the return leg the ship was dismasted off Newfoundland and had to be towed by an accompanying ship to Bristol, England.  The Ambrose of Ipswich  was brought home as a derelict and Lowe was unable to pay his men.  A long court case followed as Lowe attempted to obtain payment from the hirer of the ship.  This was eventually settled out of court.  The ship continued to appear in the records of those based at Ipswich, so she must have been finally repaired.   During the 1630s, Ipswich was an important departure point for Puritan families setting sail for a new life in America. This exodus included, of course, the Winthrop family; John Winthrop Junior later being instrumental in the establishment of the settlement that was to become Ipswich, Massachusetts. The Winthrops had sailed in 1630-31, with many others following in their wake over the next few years. In April 1634, the Elizabeth of Ipswich  and the Francis of Ipswich  set out from the Orwell heading for the new world, whilst the 400 ton Great Hope of Ipswich  is recorded as arriving in America in August 1635 (Governor Winthrop writes in his Journal on 16th August 1635 that this ship was “driven aground at Charlestown” during a storm - presumably not worth recovering as nothing more is heard of her). Two years later, in June 1637, the John & Dorothy of Ipswich  was one of three ships to depart from Ipswich for the New World.  This was followed in 1638 by the Diligent of Ipswich , which docked in Boston in August of that year. On 13th September 1653, a Cromwellian task force under the command of Colonel Ralph Cobbett suffered the loss of three ships on the rocks off Duart Point, Isle of Mull, Scotland during a great storm. One of the ships lost is recorded as being the Martha & Margrett of Ipswich . She seems to have been a store ship carrying provisions & ammunition. A plaque close to the shore near Duart Castle commemorates the incident. After registration of ships over 15 tons became compulsory in the UK in 1786, duplicate names were no longer allowed.  However, the same name could be used with the suffix of the port, hence “ of Ipswich ” could then become part of the official name of a ship.  The other way of differentiating ships came with the use of numerals after the name, such as 1, 2, 3 or I, II, III.  In the 20th century another device was to drop the ‘of’ and replace it with a colon, hence we have Shenandoah : Ipswich . See also Thames Barges ‘ of Ipswich ’ , below. The Ipswich Catts  The Ipswich Catts or Cats (a corruption of the word Catch) were large collier ships that were built in, & operated from the town’s port for several centuries; probably from the Middle Ages onwards. The town’s Common Seal, designed in the year 1200, is thought to show the earliest depiction of an Ipswich Catt, & is also of interest as it is the first known example anywhere in the world of a ship with a movable rudder (see The Town Seal  section on the Ipswich, England page). Built with closely spaced Suffolk timbers for extra strength, the Catt was a vessel with a barge type keel, no head, & a stern full on the waterline. They were used to ply the coal trade from Newcastle along the east coast of England down to London.  Around 1722, Daniel Defoe, the author famous for writing Robinson Crusoe , mentions the Ipswich collier ships in A Tour Thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain, divided into circuits or journeys, vol.1  “They built, also, there so prodigious strong, that it was an ordinary thing for an Ipswich collier, if no disaster happened to him, to reign (as seamen call it) forty or fifty years, and more.”  Defoe also stated that Ipswich had been, in the seventeenth century, the largest producer of collier ships plying the east coast of England, but that unfortunately, the Catts were also responsible for bringing that ’dreadful malady’ the plague to Ipswich. In 1743, an Ipswich built Catt named The Good Ship Humphry  of 300 tons burthen was recorded as being for sale at Lloyd’s Coffee House in Lombard Street, London. She was said to have been capable of carrying twenty keels of coal (a keel being a type of barge used on the River Tyne to transport coal down river to the larger collier ships. The capacity of each keel was, at that time, fixed at twenty one tons, so the Humphry’s  capacity would have been around 420 tons). By the early nineteenth century, the Catts had been replaced by lighter, faster vessels. However, in his History of Ipswich , published in 1830, G R Clarke wrote:  “we remember to have seen one or two of them in our early days” He describes the Catts as being:  “of large tonnage & standing high above the water” & added that:   “their hulls were painted black, and with their dingy crew & gigantic bulk, they had a gloomy and terrific appearance.”  HMS Ipswich  Launched at Harwich, Essex, England in April 1694, HMS  Ipswich  was a full rigged, 70-gun, third rate ship of 1,049 tons, built for the Royal Navy. During 1696, she was part of the combined English & Dutch fleet that patrolled the waters off the coast of France, under Captain George Townsend. From 1722 to 1726 she was commanded by John Balchen (1670 - 1744), later Admiral Sir John Balchen. She was rebuilt in Portsmouth & relaunched in October 1730; her tonnage now having risen to 1,142. For three months in 1701, Edward Vernon, later to become an Admiral & also Tory Member of Parliament for Ipswich, served on HMS  Ipswich .  Nicknamed “Old Grog” because of the waterproof grogham (or grogram) coat he habitually wore (made from silk, wool & mohair), he is probably best remembered for ordering the Navy to dilute its rum with water, which became known as “Grog”.  Lemon or lime juice was also added (to help prevent scurvy). In later life he lived at Orwell Park, Nacton. HMS  Ipswich  was hulked in 1757 & broken up in 1764. Ipswich 1759  A sloop of 300 tons built in 1759 at King’s Yard, Deptford, the Royal Navy dockyard in Greenwich, England.  She seems to have been owned and/or operated by Duncan Campbell (1726-1803), an English convict contractor who was overseer of the Thames River prison hulks, as well as being a successful merchant trading in the West Indies. As well as his convict ships bringing back tobacco on their return journeys to London, Campbell also ran a separate fleet of ships trading with Jamaica, where he had relatives.  In 1774/5 the Ipswich  is listed as being captained by one Lawrence Castle.  He is listed on the website Jamaican Family Search  as being the Master of the Ipswich  in 1774 and seems to have some connection with St Elizabeth parish; although whether this was where he came from, where he lived, or where he died is not stated.  A seaman with the surname Kynes (no first name given), who was buried in St Elizabeth on 4th February 1774, is also listed as being a “sailor belonging to the Ipswich ”.  In 1775 the ship was sold to Morse & Co., but continued the London-Jamaica voyages still under the captaincy of Lawrence Castle.In February 1776 the Ipswich  was sold to Dickinson & Co. and renamed the Empress of Russia .  She was to be used as a whaler, but with the outbreak of the American War of Independence, she was commandeered for use as a troop transporter and was under the captaincy of Commander Henry John off New York in June 1777.  A more appropriate name for a British ship was required and in November 1777 she was renamed the Vigilant .  She continued as a troop transporter, but in 1780 was considered unfit for purpose and was burnt off the South Carolina coast.  Ipswich 1761 Built at Ipswich, Suffolk in 1761, this three-masted, 260 ton vessel is listed in the earliest surviving Lloyds Register dating from 1764. By this time, however, she had already foundered in the North Sea, en-route between Stockholm & London; coming to grief on 6 September 1763 laden with a cargo comprising 390 tons of iron & 2000 planks of wood. The crew were saved. Ipswich (Whaler) 1786  Built in Great Yarmouth around 1786, the Ipswich  was a 320 ton ship purchased by Captain Timothy Mangles, who was then working in the shipyards of Ipswich. He, in partnership with a local banker named Emerson Cornwell, were at that time in the process of establishing a whaling company in the town & the Ipswich , along with another ship - the 380 ton, Whitby built Orwell  – were procured for this purpose. Mangles had both ships ‘doubled’, i.e given an extra layer of planking to withstand the pack ice they were likely to encounter.  Both the Ipswich  & the Orwell  made their maiden whaling voyages to the seas around Greenland in March 1787; sailing from London, but returning to Ipswich with their loads. For the next two years, the Ipswich  was again involved in whaling, but then, having found the 1789 season unprofitable, Mangles & Cornwell put a stop to the venture.  In 1793 the vessels were put up for sale and the Ipswich  was bought by Wilkinson & Co., ship brokers in London.  For some years thereafter, the Ipswich  was engaged in the Jamaica trade, before returning to whaling from 1802, but now based in Liverpool.  Whaling ended in Liverpool in 1823, and the Ipswich  was bought by a Plymouth based owner (S. Moates) who had her re-rigged as a brig and involved in trade with North America.  What became of the Ipswich  is unknown, other than the fact that Lloyd’s Register records that she was “wrecked” in 1842. The whaling industry in Ipswich lasted a mere six years; from 1787 to 1792. In the following year, the plant for rendering down the blubber at the Nova Scotia yard on the Orwell (the site of today’s West Bank Terminal) was shut down. Ipswich (Schooner) 1823  Two sister schooners of 79 tons were built in Ipswich in 1823, probably by John Bayley, and they were both destined for brewery owners for use in the coastal trade along eastern England.  They were the Ipswich  for John Cobbold & Co. (see The Cobbold Family on the Ipswich, England  page), and the John & Henry  for Brown & Co. (a Norfolk brewery just outside Norwich).  John Cobbold & Co. acquired the John & Henry  in 1830 and it seems eventually to have replaced the Ipswich  since we have no further information on that schooner after 1838, the last time she is recorded in Lloyd’s Register.  The John & Henry  continued in the service of John Cobbold & Co. until 1847. Ipswich (Steamer) 1825  Built by George Bayley for the Ipswich Steam Navigation Company, the steamer Ipswich, 103 tons, was launched in September 1825, before being taken to London for her engines to be installed.After a trial sea trip, the Ipswich  made her first scheduled voyage in April 1826 from Ipswich to London Bridge; a trip that took around 11 hours to complete. Thereafter, the Ipswich  made weekly sailings from spring to autumn between Ipswich & the Thames, calling at Harwich on route & carrying both cargo & passengers. A sister steamer, the Suffolk  also entered service later that same year, plying the same route.In 1828 the Ipswich  was bought by her builder, George Bayley, &, after being almost completely rebuilt, returned to service in April 1831; initially making weekly trips from Ipswich to London, which were increased to twice weekly soon afterwards. She continued in this service until August 1839, when her owners, now known as the Ipswich Steam Packet Company, replaced her with a new vessel called the Orwell . The Ipswich  was sold to new owners based in London & Jamaica, who employed her in service across the Atlantic.  The last record of her is in the Lloyd’s Register of 1845, so she was probably broken up that year or soon after. The Ipswich  was not the first steamer to operate out of the town. In 1815, a steamer named the Orwell  (not the same vessel mentioned above) had commenced sailings between Ipswich & Harwich. This service, however, lasted only a few months & it would be another 11 years before the Ipswich  began her regular trips from the port. (See also Ships Named Suffolk page on www.planetsuffolk.com ) Ipswich Trader (Sailing Barge) 1827 Built in 1827, the sailing barges Ipswich Trader  (79 tons net) & her sister vessel Suffolk Trader  (80 tons net) were built by George Bayley at his yard in St Peter's parish. They were built for Ipswich & Suffolk Trade Vessels, which was formed by Samuel & Henry Alexander who were shareholders in the Ipswich Steam Navigation Company.  From 1827 they offered regular goods carrying sailings three times a week to London, along with as many as twelve other sailing vessels. Later the company name was changed to Suffolk & Norfolk Traders.   The last record we can find for the Ipswich Trader  is in February 1844 when a licence for the use of fire and lighting on the sailing  barge was issued by the East & West India Dock Co. in London.  She is not in Lloyd’s Register for 1845, so had probably been broken up by that year. (For details of Suffolk Trader  see Ships Named Suffolk page on www.planetsuffolk.com ) Ipswich (Barque) 1845  A 234 ton Barque named Ipswich  was built for a Jersey based owner in 1845 by William Bayley & Company at their new yard in the recently opened Wet Dock in Ipswich. This barque was sold to a Hartlepool company in 1861, and Lloyd’s Register indicates that she was broken up in 1875. Ipswich Lass  The Ipswich Lass  was a clipper schooner of 80 tons built by William Bayley at the St. Clement’s yard in Ipswich in 1850. She was sold to a London owner the following year, & worked out of the port of London, mainly to the Mediterranean.  Lloyd’s Register records her as ‘Abandoned’ in 1864.  ***You may have noticed, as you read the details of the various ships built in Suffolk, that the name Bayley occurs frequently.  William Bayley, along with his relative John Bayley (exact relationship uncertain) acquired a shipyard at the Nova Scotia yard on the Orwell in 1764. Upon John’s death in 1785, his widow, Elizabeth, took over the yard; William having by this time established a separate yard nearby.  John & Elizabeth’s son George soon took over management of the yard, with two of his brothers - Philip & Jabez - later joining the firm. Jabez Bayley (1771 -1834) was to become probably the most famous shipbuilder in Ipswich; at various times owning yards in Nova Scotia, Halifax, St. Peter’s & St.Clement’s. Other descendants of the two original Bayleys, confusingly often also named William or George, continued shipbuilding in Ipswich into the second half of the nineteenth century. For more information on the Bayley family, see The Shipyards of Ipswich  section on the Ipswich England page.***  Pride of Ipswich (Spritsail) 1864  This was a typical Thames Barge of 59 tons built in Ipswich in 1864. (The rigging of a Thames Barge is referred to as “Spritsail”, the “sprit” being a spar suspended from the main mast at an angle of about 30° from the vertical, near to the mast’s foot.)  The original owner was Charles Andrews of Stoke, Ipswich, and the ship continued to work out of that port under subsequent owners.  Skipper and owner George Wright of Chelmondiston, died in a drowning accident on the River Orwell in 1916.  In 1924 his family sold the barge to Alfred Sully & Co. of London, and this company still retained ownership in 1938.  Some time after World War II the Pride of Ipswich  was converted into a yacht, but by 1953 she had been withdrawn from sailing and was used as a barge house.  In the late 1950s she was reported to be a hulk. Bow badge of Thames Barge Pride of Ipswich Lifeboats  Four lifeboats built during the nineteenth century have been called Ipswich , although only one was built in the town.  The first, launched in 1821, was designed by Richard Hall Gower & built by Jabez Bayley at the St.Peter’s yard. Gower’s design was unlike that of any other lifeboat at the time; being 30 feet long, of light construction, with six oars & rigged with spritsails on two short masts.  Christened the Ipswich Life Boat , she was stationed at Languard Fort near Felixstowe at the mouth of the River Orwell.The Ipswich  was only called into action once, as far as is known, & even after being refitted was deemed to be inefficient by the Suffolk Shipwreck Association in 1825. She was converted to a yacht & advertised for sale in 1827. The other three lifeboats to bear the name Ipswich  were all built by Forrestts of Limehouse, London, & were all assigned to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) station at Thorpeness on the Suffolk coast. The first of these was paid for by an appeal in Ipswich & was brought to the town & launched in May 1862 from the Promenade; watched by a crowd estimated to be over 25,000 strong.  The Ipswich  was then taken up the coast to Thorpeness where she served until 1870. She was then replaced with another craft that had been built in 1866 & originally named Leicester , which had previously been stationed at Gorleston, Norfolk. When she was moved to Thorpeness she underwent the name change to Ipswich . This vessel remained there for only three years before being transferred to Skegness. She was replaced with a third boat named Ipswich , which served at Thorpeness until 1890; at which time she was replaced by a vessel named the  Christopher North Graham. Thorpeness Lifeboat Station was closed down in 1900.  PS Ipswich & SS Ipswich (2 Great Eastern Railway Steamships)  There were two steamships named Ipswich  run by the Great Eastern Railway (GER).  The first, the PS Ipswich , was built in 1864 at Cubitt Town, London, of 76 tons (gross) and was deployed on the Ipswich-Harwich service until 1873 when she was transferred to the Lowestoft Railway & Harbour Co., which was owned by the GER.  The steamship was reduced to harbour use only because of her poor condition, and finally broken up in 1881. The second, the SS Ipswich , was built by Earles of Hull in 1883. This 1,067 ton steamship was in use on the Harwich to Antwerp service. In 1906 she was sold to J.Constant of Harwich and then, in 1908, to the Shah Steam Navigation Company in Bombay. She was broken up in Bombay in May 1909. The Great Eastern Railway was formed in 1862, when a number of small railway companies merged. Serving towns throughout East Anglia, the GER also ran a number of ferries; initially from Harwich to Rotterdam & Antwerp, but later also to Hamburg & the Hook of Holland. ST Ipswich (Trawler) 1896  Launched in 1896, this trawler of 162 tons named ST (Steam Tug)  Ipswich  was built by Mackie & Thomson at Govan, Scotland.  Initially owned by Hagerup, Doughty & Co Ltd of Grimsby, she was transferred to Consolidated Steam Fishing & Ice Co Ltd, Grimsby on the formation of that company in 1906. Requisitioned as a minesweeper during the First World War, she returned to her owners at the war’s end, before being transferred to Lowestoft in 1920 & registered as LT128. After being directed to Fleetwood under wartime control in 1940, she underwent more changes of ownership, before being sold to BISCO in 1953. She was broken up at Grays, Essex in that same year. Ipswich (Bucket Dredger) 1897  The 179 tons bucket dredger Ipswich  was built by Fleming & Ferguson Ltd at Port Glasgow in 1897.  She was used by the Ipswich Docks Commission, and was broken up in 1937. Ipswich 1912  A horse-drawn narrowboat built in 1912 by Fellows, Morton & Clayton at Saltley Dock, Birmingham.  “Narrowboats” are of a distinctive design, made to fit the narrow canals of the United Kingdom, where many locks and bridges have a minimum width of 7 feet .  The overall length of the Ipswich  is 70.67 feet (21.54 metres) with a beam (breadth) of 7.05 feet (2.15 metres).  She is an iron composite fore decked boat that was employed on the Grand Union Canal carrying general cargo between Birmingham and London.  In 1959 she was transferred to British Waterways engineering department for use as a canal maintenance boat.  In 1981 she was converted to a houseboat.  After several changes of ownership, the vessel was bought by her present owner in 2013 and a programme of restoration begun at Stockton Dry Dock.  The Ipswich  is registered by the National Historic Ships UK. Reference can be found to the Ipswich  as a “butty” or “buttyboat”.  (The term “butty” is derived from a dialect word meaning a “booty companion”, someone who shares ill-gotten gains, ultimately becoming a “buddy”.)  As steam and diesel progressively replaced the tow-horse in the early years of the 20th century, it became possible to move even more cargo with fewer hands by towing a second, unpowered boat.  Although there was no longer a horse to maintain, the butty had to be steered while being towed.  The butty boatman could lengthen or shorten the towline as needed, and on a wide canal, such as the Grand Union Canal, the buttyboat could be roped side by side with the towing boat.   Gippeswic 1912  A wooden ketch of 116 tons built in 1912 by J & W B Harvey of Littlehampton.  This sailing vessel was operated by Wynnfield Shipping Co., Ipswich.  It was stopped & sunk 15 miles NE of Barfleur en route from Caen to Poole on 31 March 1917 by the U-boat UB 32.  Lurline of Ipswich 1914  This is a motor yacht of timber carvel construction built by Tom Howard of Maldon in 1914.  She was built as an auxiliary ketch and presently has a 6 cylinder Ford diesel engine installed in 2000.  The overall length of the Lurline of Ipswich  is 37 feet (11.28 metres) with a beam (breadth) of 9 feet (2.74 metres), and the gross tonnage is 11.58 (photograph below).  She was originally named only Lurline , but was renamed Lurline of Ipswich  because of the greater renown of the luxury liners of the American Matson Lines that also bore this name.  This unusual name is derived from a poetic variation of Lorelei, the Rhine river siren.  William Matson struck up a friendship with Claus Spreckels, a German-born self-made American industrial magnate in California, who financed many of Matson’s ships.  The name Lurline  was first used for his ships in 1871 and the SS Lurline  was the third Matson Lines vessel to hold that name from 1932 to 1963. The Lurline of Ipswich  assisted at the Dunkirk evacuation during the Second World War, and regularly returns to Dunkirk as a member of the Association of Dunkirk Little Ships.  She has been in the same ownership since 1985, and took part in the Queen’s Diamond Jubilee Regatta on the River Thames, London, in 2012.  The vessel is registered by the National Historic Ships UK. Ipswich Trader 1922  Picture supplied by Brian Warner  The 484 tons  Ipswich Trader  was built in 1922 by FW Horlock of Lowestoft, who also owned her. She was sold to Duff Herbert Mitchel in 1946 & renamed Veronica Tennant .  This company managed steamships operating out of Port Dinorwic (now Y Felinheli) in the Menai Strait, North Wales, carrying slate from the quarries.  In 1952 she was sold to the Dinorwic Slate Quarries Co, retaining her name.  She was broken up in Llanelli, Wales, in November 1954.     Gippeswyk/Gyppeswyk (Yacht) 1935  This 32 foot motor yacht was launched at Ipswich in January 1935 by Charles Henry Fox, who designed and registered this class of yacht as the Gippeswyk standard cruiser  in 1934.  However, nothing further is recorded of its class after the initial advertising campaign, so it is assumed that no more were made.  Nevertheless, the yacht was still around in March 1939, but the name was now spelt as Gyppeswyk .  We do not know whether this was a conscious spelling change, but we are inclined to think that the earlier spelling was a printing error on the part of the publications.  The outbreak of World War II in 1939 brought an end to this yacht. Fox’s shipyard was commissioned by the Admiralty to produce whalers and sailing cutters for training young seamen.  It is presumed that the Gyppeswyk  was broken up and its material used for the war effort.  The last traditional wooden boat was built at Fox’s in 1965. The shipbuilding company “Charles H. Fox & Son” was established at Ipswich in 1927.  His son and grandson followed Charles Fox into the shipbuilding business.  In 1974 Fox’s ceased to be a family business when the firm was sold.  It has since passed through several ownerships, but the name is preserved in Fox’s Marina & Boatyard on the River Orwell.  Rotterdam-Ipswich Lijn NV – Ipswich Pioneer, Ipswich Progress, Ipswich Purpose, Ipswich Progress II, Ipswich Pioneer II  These five cargo ships were operated by the Rotterdam-Ipswich Lijn NV of the Netherlands between 1960 and 1976.   This company was a joint venture established in 1959 by Hoekstra of Rotterdam and Argo Reederei Richard Adler & Söhne of Germany.  The latter was the smallest of the four major traditional shipping companies in Bremen.  The Adler family had run the company since 1933 and also became owners of the Adler Werft shipyard in Bremen.  The ships operated by the Rotterdam-Ipswich Lijn remained under the ownership of Argo Reederei Richard Adler & Söhne.  Following the death of Richard Adler in 1961, his sons went their own way and the company began to decline.  In 1976 the Rotterdam-Ipswich Lijn NV was dissolved, and the parent organisation ceased to operate as a shipping company in 2002.    Ipswich Pioneer Built by Lürssen Werft of Bremen in 1955 and launched as Meise , this cargo ship of 649 tons was originally owned by Argo Redeerei Richard Adler & Söhne.  She was transferred to Rotterdam-Ipswich Lijn NV in 1960, becoming its first ship, and was renamed Ipswich Pioneer  under the Dutch flag.  In 1968 she was transferred back to Argo Redeerei Richard Adler & Söhne and renamed Pirol under the German flag.  She was sold to a Yugoslav company in 1969 and became Vela Luka , changing ownership as that country broke apart in the 1990s, but retaining the same name until 1998 when she became Ecomar .  She ended up in Dubrovnik, Croatia, but in 2002 was sold again and was renamed, said to be flying under the flag of the USA.  Reported lost on 1 April 2003.  Ipswich Progress Also built by Lürssen of Bremen in 1955, and owned by Argo Redeerei Richard Adler & Söhne, she was originally called Fink  with a tonnage of 649.  She was transferred to Rotterdam-Ipswich Lijn NV in 1961 and renamed Ipswich Progress under the Dutch flag.   Sold to James Smith & Zonen, Rotterdam, in 1971 and renamed Bernisse , she was sold to a Lebanese owner in 1982 and underwent her final name change to Petra .  She had various Lebanese owners until September 1995 when the Petra  was sold to Lebanese shipbreakers.  She was broken up at Tripoli, Lebanon, in December 1995.   Ipswich Purpose Built by Adler Werft of Bremen in 1955 and owned by Argo Redeerei Richard Adler & Söhne, this vessel of 662 tons was originally launched with the name Pirol  under the German flag.  Transferred to Rotterdam-Ipswich Lijn NV in 1964, she became Ipswich Purpose  under the Dutch flag for ten years, before being sold to Panamanian owners and registered in Panama City in 1974, where she was renamed Rico .  She foundered 55 miles northeast of Alexandria, Egypt, in October 1977 and was deserted, being left to decay there. Ipswich Progress II Built by Adler Werft of Bremen in 1961, this cargo ship of 499 tons was initially given the name Sperber  by her owners, Argo Reederei Richard Adler & Söhne, sailing under the German flag.  Transferred to Rotterdam-Ipswich Lijn NV in 1971, she was renamed Ipswich Progress II , before being sold and reregistered as Ginerva  in Panama City in 1974.  In May 1976 she was wrecked off the coast of Tunisia, after a collision with a ship called the Mascara .  Ipswich Pioneer II : Built by Krögerwerft GmbH of Rendsburg, Germany, in August 1973 for Argo Reederei Richard Adler & Söhne under the name of Aquila .  This Roll On Roll Off ferry of 8,552 tons soon became Ipswich Pioneer II  in December 1973 when she was transferred to Rotterdam-Ipswich Lijn NV.  From 1976 to 1979 she was chartered and renamed Ehrenfels  (1976), then Nahost Pionier (1977), reverting to Aquila  in 1979 when she returned to Argo Reederei Richard Adler & Söhne.  She was sold in 1980 to a French company but retained the name Aquila  whilst operating between Marseilles and North Africa.  In 1989 she was chartered for a short period and took the name Sea Road , reverting to Aquila  in November 1989 when she came off charter.  In October 1990 she was sold to the Societa Marittima Siciliano in Palermo, Sicily, and renamed Vomero .  In 1995 she was sold to the Panamanian company Daesos SA, but retained her name whilst operating on charter except in 1999 when she was given the name Don Lupe  for one charter, reverting to Vomero  later that year.  In March 2001 she was sold to the Italian shipping line Eurotrasporti Marittimi Catanesi of Naples, renamed Luigi Cozza  and used on the route between Catania, Sicily, and Salerno, mainland Italy.  In June 2003 she was sold for scrapping and renamed Vomero  yet again.  She was broken up in February 2004 at Aliya, Turkey. Ipswicht  This motor towboat was built in 1956 at the Damen Shipyards at Hardinxveld-Giessendam, Netherlands, on the River Bemeden-Merwede, a branch of the River Rhine, 10 miles east of Dordrecht.   Her dimensions are 12.15 metres (39’ 1o”) in length with a beam of 3.16 Metres (10’ 4”).   She has operated continually in the Netherlands since she was launched in July 1956 and first named Stella Maris  for VOF Bergen op Zoomsche Towing at Bergen op Zoom.  She was bought in January 1960 by HL & L Muller at Dordrecht and renamed And Avant 29 .  Sold again in March 1997 and July 1999, she retained her name each time, to HD Falkeisen at Muiden on the Zuiderzee and A de Jager, Amsterdam respectively.  On 2 October 2002 she was sold and renamed Ipswicht  to M&J Bekkers at Egmond aam Zee on the North Sea coast.    Gulf Ipswich  This cargo ship of 1,373 tons was built by Nobiskrug at Rendsburg, Germany in 1957 as Helga Russ . Renamed Leidsegracht  in 1970, she was bought by Cloud Shipping Co Ltd of Famagusta, Cyprus in 1973 & became the Gulf Ipswich . She underwent two subsequent name changes in 1977, to Moon,  then Ashanti  when sold to Tema SS Company of Takoradi, Ghana, before being broken up in September 1983 at Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht in the Netherlands. Esso Ipswich  As the name suggests, this tanker of 1,103 tons was built for the Esso Petroleum Company in 1960 by JL Thompson, North Sands, Sunderland. Sold to Maldives Shipping Ltd in 1981, she underwent three name & owner changes in the Maldives; Maldive Valour  (1981), Fulidhoo  (1984) & Falcon 2  (1989), before being scrapped in India in December 1997.  City Of Ipswich  Built at the Appledore shipyards in Devon in 1979 for Ellerman Lines UK, the City of Ipswich  was a containership of 1,599 tons. She was chartered to Manchester Liners Ltd in 1981, when she was briefly renamed Manchester Fulmar , before reverting to City of Ipswich  two years later. She was again renamed as Liverpool Star in 1984, had another brief stint as City of Ipswich  in 1991, before finally becoming Pel Mariner  later that same year. She was involved in a collision with the Pel Ranger  & sank near the island of Bozcaada in the Aegean Sea in July 1999. Ipswich Way  Built in 1980 by Karlskronavarve t of Karlskrona, Sweden as Balder Dona , this Roll On Roll Off cargo ship of 6,568 tons was subsequently renamed Rodona  in July 1984 & became Ipswich Way  in 2003.  In June 2009 she was sold to Istanbul Lines & registered in Turkey under the name Istanbul N . Contship Ipswich  The 16,236 ton containship Contship Ipswich  was built in 1990 by A.G. Weser Seebeckwerft of Bremerhaven, Germany for the the global container ca rriers Contship Containerlines, whose headquarters were at Ipswich until 2003.  Launched as Contship Sydney , she soon became Contship Ipswich (1990). Since 1995 she has gone through several name changes; Direct Currawong (1995), Conti Sydney (1998), MSC Senegal (1999), MSC Sydney (2003)    & Conti Sydney  again (2004). She was sold for demolition and broken up at Xinhui, China, in March 2013. Ipswich Bay  This 38,190 ton bulk carrier w as built in 2014 at the Shimanami shipyard in Imabari, Japan, for the owners Pacific Basin Shipping Limited in Hong Kong and was originally named Ocean Journey  (see photograph, left).  In April 2021 she was sold to Ipswich Bay Shipping Ltd (British Virgin Islands) and renamed Ipswich Bay . This company is a subsidiary of the ultimate owners, Pacific Basin Shipping Limited located in Hong Kong, a company founded in 1987 as a bulk carrier owner and operator. Her home port remains Hong Kong under whose flag she still sails.  We have no idea if there is any connection with the only Ipswich Bay we know of, which is in Massachusetts, USA.  Antares of Ipswich  A Class B sailing vessel that frequents the North Sea coastline and since 2007 has often been moored at Ipswich Marina.  She is 12 metres in length and 2 metres in width, and her speed is recorded as between 7.3 to 8.3 knots.  Her displacement is 45 tonnes. Antares , the 16th brightest star in the heavens, is a popular name for yachts and ships, hence this one is registered as Antares of Ipswich .  She was originally built in Germany as the Antares in 1945/46 as a double-ended Gaff schooner at the Brauer Yard, Vegesack, Bremen, on the River Elbe.  The Antares  was used as a fishing boat and later converted to recreational use in the 1960s, and used for youth charters on the inland lakes of the Netherlands.  She was bought by her current owner in 1997 and brought to the UK where she underwent major refits in 1997/98 and 2006/7 when she moved to Ipswich Marina as her home port.  The Antares of Ipswich  is used as an example yacht in the Wikipedia article on “ Yachting ” with a photograph of her in Ipswich Marina.  Sold in 2011 to a French owner, she seems to have retained this name. In early 2017 recorded berthed at Eastbourne Marina, Sussex.   The name Antares of Ipswich  is also borne by a motor cruiser recorded as up for sale in 2019 at Suffolk Yacht Harbour at Levington, Suffolk, England (see photograph, right).  First noted under this name in 2010, she is a Humber 42, designed by John Bennett, with a fibreglass body. Built in 1988 by the F. Booker Marine at Dodworth near Barnsley, she is 44 ft in length with a beam of 12 ft, and two engines providing a total of 760 hp.  She has a cruising speed of 18 knots to a maximum of 23 knots.  There are five berths in three cabins. In 2022 she is recorded as now based in Lowestoft.  New Spirit of Ipswich  In 1990-91 Josh Hall of the United Kingdom finished third in his class in the BOC Round the World Challenge aboard the 50 foot New Spirit of Ipswich .  The BOC Challenge was sponsored by the British Oxygen Company and was a solo round the world sailing competition for monohulls held every four years.  Today it is known as the Velux 5 Oceans Race.  In 1990-91 it started from Newport, Rhode Island, with three stops at Cape Town, Sydney, Punta del Este (Uruguay), before returning to Newport.  Josh Hall was in Class 2: boats 40 to 50 feet (12.2-15.2 m) long.  The New Spirit of Ipswich  covered the distance in 157 days at an average speed of 7.16 knots.  Josh then went on to win the 1991 BOC Transatlantic Challenge.  Presumably the name Spirit of Ipswich  was already in use, but we have been unable to confirm this (see next section below).Josh Hall, from Ipswich, England, was born in 1963 into a family of sailors and he grew up racing around the shores of England.  He lives at Shotley, Suffolk, and is now heavily involved in the organisation side of Round the World Racing.The boat itself is a 50 foot sloop, with a displacement of 15.4 tonnes, designed by Rodger Martin and built in 1985/86 at Rhode Island by the American Mike Plant.  In 1986-87 Mike Plant won the Class 2 BOC Challenge with the boat under the name Airco Distributor  in a time of 157 days.  Josh Hall then acquired the boat and renamed it.  In 1994-95 “Niah” Vaughan of Whitehaven sailed it in the BOC Challenge under the name of Jimroda II , finishing third in 166 days.  Since open ocean racing is an expensive activity, there have been several name changes dependent upon the sponsor; these have been as follows with the skipper’s name in brackets: Airco Distributor  1986-87 (Mike Plant); Dogwatch A  1987-89 (Nigell Burgess); New Spirit of Ipswich  1989-94 (Josh Hall); Jimroda II 1994-97 (Chaniah Vaughan); Albright Star  1997-2000 (Arnet Taylor); Olympian Challenger  2000-03; Labesfal  2003-2004; Olympian Challenger  2004-07; Vail Williams  2007-2009 (all three by Steve White).  Except for Mike Plant and Arnet Taylor, who were Americans, all the other skippers were from Great Britain.  In all the boat took part in 3 Round the World, 20 Trans-Atlantic and many other open ocean races, before being retired and sold in 2010.  She was renamed the Maisey Star  and made ready for charter hire from Cardiff, Wales.  Although primarily a racing boat, she can also be hired for cruising.  In 2013 she was rumoured to be moored at Hoo Marina at Rochester in Kent. However, in November 2017 she was reported at Sotogrande in the south of Spain, “in a bad state and seemingly abandoned”. Spirit of Ipswich  As a yacht name, the Spirit of Ipswich  was used by Josh Hall in his 34 foot racing yacht in the 1988 OSTAR.  This is the acronym for the Original Single-handed Trans-Atlantic Race held every four years since 1960.  (The name of the event has changed several times because of changes in sponsorship.)  We know nothing more about this yacht other than it was a monohull.  Josh Hall acquired a new 50 foot racing yacht in 1989 which he named the New Spirit of Ipswich  (see section above).  However, the name Spirit of Ipswich  is presently used by a yacht anchored at Neptune Marina, Coprolite Street, Ipswich, England. The yacht model is a Jeanneau Sun Odyssey 42 DS (Deck Saloon), possibly the most popular of the Jeanneau yachts.  Her dimensions are 41’ 0” x 13’ 5” (12.50 x 4.09 metres) and she weighs 3.35 tonnes.  This model has been made since 1992 by the Chantier Jeanneau, a French manufacturer of motor boats and yachts.  The original boat builder was Henri Jeanneau who established one of the largest shipyards in France in 1957.  It has been part of the Beneteau group since 1995.It is not clear who the present owner is or when this particular yacht was built.  She seems to have been brought to Ipswich by the Beneteau group who then gave her the name Spirit of Ipswich .  She is recorded with this name participating in the annual Round the Island (Isle of Wight) race in 2009.  In 2015 she was advertised by ‘Sailing Action’ as a yacht available for charter on a daily basis or for longer trips, mainly for corporate entertainment.  She is licensed for up to eight people on board, including the captain.  ‘Sailing Action’, based at East Bergholt in Suffolk, is a specialist operator and sailing club that organises participation in and excursions to UK and Mediterranean regatta events involving traditional yachts.   My Fair Lady of Ipswich  In May 2011, Viking Mariners added a Fairline Squadron 56 power boat which they named My Fair Lady of Ipswich  to their fleet.  Based on Ipswich Waterfront, Viking Mariners offers luxury sailing experiences on sailing yachts, power craft and barges.  This power boat was built in 1993 by Fairline Boats at their location on Oundle Marina, River Nene, Northamptonshire, England.  She was named My Fair Lady  as an allusion to the name of the company.  She has two 680 hp diesel engines and a displacement of 38 tons.  She has a 6 berth accommodation in 3 cabins.  Her dimensions are 56’ 0” x 15’ 3” (17.0 x 4.6 metres).  My Fair Lady  had an internal refurbishment in 2006.  The intention of Viking Mariners was to use her as a luxurious motor yacht for hire for corporate hospitality events, meetings and cruises.  However, this was not too successful and the boat was put up for sale in 2013.  The sale was aborted following an engine failure during the sea trials.  Until 2015 she was out of water, having a rebuild of both engines at Suffolk Yacht Harbour, Levington.  She was subsequently sold and still retains the name My Fair Lady  today; she appears to be in Portugal in 2018 where she is again up for sale.  Arwen of Ipswich  2003  A fast cruising yacht built in 2003 by the Wauquiez shipyard at Neuville-en-Ferrain, near to Lille, in northern France.  She is a Centurion 45 class designed by Ed Dubois.  Her dimensions are 46’ 2” x 13’ 4” (14.08 x 4.06 metres) and she weighs 3.8 tons.  The name “Arwen” is a fictional female character in Tolkien’s “ The Lord of the Rings ”.  We presume her original owners had some connection with Ipswich, but she was kept in Corfu, and only sailed back to France in 2015 where she was sold that year. She has retained the name and still sails under the flag of the United Kingdom.  In early 2017 the Arwen of Ipswich  was berthed at Eastbourne Marina, Sussex, but by November 2018 she was reported as sailing out of Bilbao in northern Spain. In September 2021 she was reported cruising in the Adriatic using Dubrovnik, Croatia, as her home port.   Gyppeswyk  2009  In June 2009 an Access 303 dinghy named Gyppeswyk  was launched by The Woolverstone Project charity (see photo, right).  This dinghy was obtained from money raised by four Ipswich Rotary clubs (Wolsey, Ipswich, East and Orwell).  The Woolverstone Project is officially called the “East Anglian Sailing for Persons with Disabilities Trust”.  This is a charity which provides sailing opportunities and tuition for physically and mentally disabled people, active since 1994.  The charity is based at the Alton Water Sports Centre on the reservoir of that name, ideal for windsurfing and sailing, as well as close to the River Orwell at the village of Woolverstone.The Access 303 (now known as Hansa 303)  is a single or two crew sailing keelboat, which is recognised by the International Sailing Federation as an international class.  It is made of fibreglass and has a length of 3.03m (9’11”), a beam of 1.35m (4’5”) and a weight of 116 kg.  It is typically regarded as being a beginner’s dinghy.  It has a joystick control, as well as a high boom and the setup whereby the occupants are sat facing forwards.  The 303 has a low ballast and high sides, weighted to avoid capsizing.  It also has electric servo-assisted drives.  All these features make it suitable for people with physical disabilities.  Chris Mitchell, the designer of the Access Class of dinghies, spent his youth on the wide expanse of Port Phillip Bay at Melbourne, Australia.  Chris spent time in South East Asia, where he tried to encourage the local people to take up sailing by designing a dinghy that had the stability to provide them with the confidence they needed to sail.  With the belief that sailing should be accessible to all whatever their abilities, Chris returned to Australia in 1992 with the forerunner of his future dinghy in mind.  He established the Access Dinghy Sailing Systems at the Melbourne suburb of Dandenong in 1992.  The name of the company indicated his desire to assist the disabled to take up the sport and Mitchell’s designs were continually refined to make it possible for people of any age and ability to go sailing without fear.  As such, the boats were adopted by disabled sailing organisations internationally.  The Access 303 was designed in 1998 and given international racing recognition in 2005.  In 2013 Chris Mitchell changed the name of his company to Hansa Sailing Systems in order to shift its focus to the mainstream sailing market.   Yachts and Other Small Craft  The two yachts below are registered in the UK in 2015, but we have no other information about them, other than that shown. Calyx of Ipswich A yacht previously at the Woodbridge Cruising Club, Suffolk; from 2009 she was berthed at Ipswich Marina.  This is a cutter with Bermuda rig, the typical configuration for most modern sailing boats.  She was built in 1970 by Porter & Haylett Ltd at Wroxham on the Norfolk Broads as Bethulie Too .   Her dimensions are 28’ 6” x 9’ 0” (8.7 x 2.75 metres) with a displacement of 8 tonnes. Kiki of Ipswich A yacht built in 2014, dimensions 12m x 4m. Sold in 2017 and renamed Tiki .  Now berthed at Brundall Bay Marina on the River Yare, Norfolk. In addition to the above, there are four modern motor boats containing the name Ipswich to be found on the inland waterways and lakes of Great Britain. Ipswich 1970s A narrowboat built in the 1970s by Rugby Boatbuilders, located on the North Oxford Canal at Hillmorton Wharf in the town of Rugby, Warwickshire.  The overall length is 56 feet (17.06 metres) with a beam (breadth) of 6 feet 9 inches (2.07 metres).  She has a metal hull.  She is registered as a motor boat with the Canal & River Trust for use on the Inland Waterways of England, Scotland and Wales.  Until 2012 this boat was named Pan .  Once the Ipswich  - 1912 (see above) is completely restored for canal use, this boat may have to be renamed since duplicate names are not allowed with operational craft. Janine: Ipswich 1978  A motor cruiser built in 1978 by Birchwood Boats of Huthwaite, Nottingham.  This was for use on the inland waterways and lakes of Britain.  The design class is known as the Birchwood 33 with a car-type canopy, centre cockpit and an inboard engine.  She has a 6 berth accommodation in 3 cabins.  Her dimensions are 33’ 6” x 11’ (10.2 x 3.4 metres).  Originally named Birchmoss , she was privately owned.  When sold in 1992 she was renamed Janine:Ipswich  since she was then frequently used on The Broads.  When sold again in 2011 she just retained the name Janine . As at 2019 she is up for sale and berthed at St Olave’s Marina, Great Yarmouth. Shenandoah: Ipswich 1984 A motor cruiser built in 1984 by Fairline Boats of Oundle on the River Nene in Northamptonshire.  This was for use on the inland waterways and lakes of Britain.  The design class is known as the Fairline Mirage 29 with a car-type canopy, aft cockpit and an inboard engine.  She has a 6 berth accommodation in 3 cabins.  Her dimensions are 28’ 6” x 10’ 2” (8.7 x 3.1 metres).  She was used on The Broads and was privately owned until 1999, when sold to the Norfolk Yacht Agency at Horning on the River Bure in Norfolk.  Last seen in 1999, so may no longer be operative. Tringa of Ipswich 2003  Built in 2003 by Linssen Yachts, Maasbracht, Netherlands, this is a Grand Sturdy 410 AC Dutch Steel Cruiser for use on the inland waterways of the UK and Europe.  She has a car-type canopy, aft cockpit and an inboard diesel 145hp engine, wit h a 3 berth accommodation in 2 cabins.  Her dimensions are 41’ 2” x 13’ 9” (12.55 x 4.2 metres).  The Tringa of Ipswich  was registered with the Environment Authority (Thames Region) for use on the inland waterways of the UK.  The name Tringa  has been in use since 1902 when the William Fife yard at Fairlie on the River Clyde built the classic yacht of this name, which derives from the scientific description for the common redshank ( Tringa totanus ), a typical wader in European waters.  The suffix “ of Ipswich ” was used to distinguish the vessel from others of that name.  We also believe that the owners may have been Tringa Limited, a Private Limited Company of consultant engineers based in Ipswich, England.  As at 2015 the vessel had been sold by the owners and renamed just Tringa .  She is berthed at Shepperton Marina and is up for sale.   Thames Barges ‘of Ipswich’  A Thames sailing barge was a type of commercial sailing boat common on the River Thames in London in the 19th century.  The flat-bottomed barges were perfectly adapted to the Thames Estuary and the estuaries of eastern England with their shallow waters and narrow rivers.  The barges could float in as little as 3 feet (1 m) of water and could dry out in the tidal waters without heeling over.  Furthermore, unlike most sailing craft, these barges could sail completely unballasted; a major saving in labour and time.  By the 1890s the development of the Thames sailing barge was at its peak with the small coasters built in Ipswich and Harwich developing a style of their own. Having no engines, barges were in particular demand in both World Wars for carrying ammunition and explosives as there was no risk of sparks to the dangerous cargo, their draught gave them access to shallow coastal waters and the U-boat captains would not waste their torpedoes on what they thought was a mere sailing barge with a cargo of minimal value. After the Second World War the development of the motor barge with the masts and sails removed, and larger lorries on improved roads led to the demise of the Thames sailing barge as a trading vessel.  By 1954 the fleet had dwindled to 34 sailing barges.  In the 1960s and 1970s the development of containers finally killed off coasting work.  By 1960 there were only five Ipswich barges left, and most were finally sold that year.  The last barge owned in Ipswich as an active sail trader was Spinaway C , sold in 1967. However, some enthusiasts did not want to see the barges broken up and many were re-rigged in the mid 1960s and began a new lease of life carrying people on weekend charters in place of the cargoes they had carried with the holds being converted into basic cabins.  Today, a small number of sailing barges remain, converted to pleasure craft and commonly sailed in the annual races which take place on the Thames Estuary and rivers of eastern England.  These barge races (which bargemen always called Matches) developed from the competitive nature of barge sailing when bargemen did actually race each other to get to port first for the best cargo.  Formal Matches were begun in 1863 on the Thames and Medway rivers, and were not discontinued until 1963.  However, they have been reinstituted since then, and the Thames Barge Match is now considered the world’s second oldest sailing race after the America’s Cup. The port of registry was not necessarily the place where the vessel was built, e.g. the last barge built at Ipswich in 1909, was registered in London and hence is normally referred to as the Ardwina of London .  Likewise, some of those registered at Ipswich were built elsewhere.  There were at least 118 barges built at Ipswich from 1841 (the Primus of Harwich ) to 1909; of these 60 were registered in Ipswich.  The total number of Thames barges registered at Ipswich was 87; of the other 27 built elsewhere, nine were constructed at Harwich.  The two dockside Ipswich grain and agricultural firms of R. & W. Paul and Cranfield Bros. Ltd owned 29 and 8 of these respectively. There are a few Thames Barges still in existence that are known as “ of Ipswich ”.  Although not technically part of their registered names, in newspaper and race match reports this appellation is invariably added.  The only Thames Barge that had this as part of its registered name was the spritsail Pride of Ipswich , and this is covered separately in its chronological order (1864) above.  We include brief details of the remaining barges as follows. May of Ipswich : Built of wood at Harwich in 1891 by J. & H. Cann for Cranfield Bros Ltd of Ipswich.  This sailing barge of 57 tons remained active and was sold in 1964 to Silvertown Services Ltd (Tate & Lyle) based at St Katharine Docks on the Thames.  She was used for occasional trade and company charter under sail, but gained better renown as a successful racing barge from 1972 to 1993. The May of Ipswich  was based at Pin Mill on the River Orwell, Suffolk, and used for charter cruises.  In 2011 she was sold into private hands.  In June 2012 she was selected to take part in the Avenue of Sail to celebrate the Queen’s Diamond Jubilee Pageant.   Gerald Gadd and his wife Connie, who bought the May  in 2011, renovated parts of the barge and continued to use her for charter from out of Pin Mill.  Unfortunately, in January 2020, Connie lost her husband Gerald to cancer and became the sole owner of the May .  Helen Swift, Jane Harman and Connie Gadd are all barge skipper wives and had known each other for years.  Some months later, Helen contacted Connie with an idea to see if there was something they could do with the barge. The three women decided to undertake the task of restoring the barge back to her former glory so she could be used as a floating bakery.  The May  will be unofficially known as the ‘Bread and Roses Barge’ and will become a haven for women who have suffered a similar tragic trauma by inviting them to come aboard and bake bread together.  The bread, cakes and biscuits that have been baked on board will be available for purchase when the May  arrives at various ports along the East coast.  A professional barge skipper and mate are to be employed and the barge will have a regular route throughout the year.   Felix of Ipswich Built of wood at Harwich in 1891 by J. & H. Cann, this 68 ton sailing barge was acquired by Cranfield Bros Ltd of Ipswich in 1930.  In 1954 she became a motor barge under the ownership of Lapthorn & Co. of Hoo in Kent on the River Thames.  She was sold in 1972 and re-rigged once again as a non trading sailing barge on the Thames under various owners, mainly out of St Katharines Yacht Marina.  In 2008 she was moved to Hoo Saltings in Kent where she has remained inactive and is somewhat derelict in the marshes.    Spinaway C of Ipswich Built in 1899 by Orvis & Fuller at their St Clements shipyard, Ipswich, this 57 ton sailing barge was acquired by Cranfield Bros Ltd of Ipswich in 1912, and was one of the last barges still working at Ipswich when she was sold in 1967 and converted to a sailing yacht.  In 1963 the Spinaway C of Ipswich  won the Thames Barge Match and came second in the Medway Match.  She is presently inactive, seemingly abandoned at the Hoo Saltings in Kent. Tollesbury of Ipswich One of the more famous of the Thames barges and listed on the National Historic Ships Register. Tollesbury is a fishing village in Essex, on a tributary of the River Blackwater, which was a loading port for Thames barges.  It was after this village that she was named by her first owner, George Fisher of the ‘Plough and Sail’ pub in Tollesbury.  War-time illustration of the Tollesbury  at Dunkirk. She was built of wood in 1901 at H. Felton’s shipyard at Sandwich in Kent.  This 70 ton Thames spritsail barge was later bought by R. & W. Paul of Ipswich and registered there in 1912.  Her skipper at the time was Lemon Webb who sailed her around the south coast and across the channel, several times single-handed. She is one of the Dunkirk “Little Ships”.  Sixteen Thames Barges, five of them belonging to R. & W. Paul, were among those that sailed to Dunkirk t o help evacuate Allied troops from the beaches *(see end of this section). In May 1940 Lemon Webb and his young lad of nineteen were sailing Tollesbury  up the Thames when a naval launch came alongside and instructed them to proceed to a jetty for orders.  There, the two were given the choice to leave the ship or to volunteer to help evacuate the British Expeditionary Force from Dunkirk.  Neither of them hesitated, so Tollesbury  was commandeered as part of Operation Dynamo and sailed across the channel to Dunkirk.  During the crossing they endured constant air attacks, but they eventually carried 273 soldiers off the beaches (see right). After the war, the Tollesbury  continued in trade under sail until 1950 when her first engine was installed.  She ceased trading in 1965 to become a private yacht.  By 1978 she was a moored at Pin Mill, on the River Orwell, as a houseboat.  In 1989 she underwent extensive renovation at Ipswich Dock in preparation for the 1990 celebrations of Dunkirk.  Following this, she became a floating pub at Millwall Dock on the Thames in London.  However, she suffered serious damage from the effects of the IRA Docklands bomb in 1996.  Having survived the bombs of Hitler and the IRA, the Tollesbury  floating pub mysteriously sank at her moorings in September 2005.  She was subsequently raised and laid up at Barking Creek.  The Tollesbury  came under new ownership in 2011 and the next year received a grant from National Historic Ships UK to assist in a complete restoration of the vessel.  Euan Maybank and Rachael Smith, who bought the barge, intended to live in it, but not necessarily as a stationary houseboat.  From 2015 to 2019 the Tollesbury  was at Faversham, Kent, being restored according to her original Thames Barge specifications and sail plan and, at the same time, the interior was converted into living accommodation.  Wishing to be resident in London, in 2019 the couple sailed the Tollesbury  to Barking’s Fresh Wharf on the River Roding, a riverside development in the East End of London, where the barge is now moored. Marjorie of Ipswich Built of wood in 1902 by Orvis & Fuller at their St Clements shipyard, Ipswich, this 56 ton barge was originally made for R. & W. Paul Ltd, grain merchants at Ipswich.  By 1961 she had become a chartered barge based in London.  The Marjorie of Ipswich  was winner of the Medway Barge Match five times from 2001 to 2006.  She is now based on the River Thames at Hoo in Kent.   Ena of Ipswich Built of wood in 1906 by W. B. McLearon at the Navy Yard, Harwich, Essex.  This 73 ton barge was purchased by R. & W. Paul Ltd of Ipswich in 1907 and for her entire working life was owned by that company.Another one of the Dunkirk “Little Ships”.  In May 1940, together with five other Paul’s barges, the Ena  sailed to Dunkirk to evacuate troops from the beaches.  During the crossing they endured constant air attacks.  Finally, the crew was ordered to abandon her on the beach and return to England on a minesweeper.  However, men of the Royal Artillery came across the Ena  and, although there were no sailors among them, they relaunched her and made it to the Kent coast where a tug took her in tow to Ma rgate.  Ena ’s skipper, Alfred Page, who had assumed the barge lost, was surprised to be sent from Ipswich to recover her. Ena worked under sail alone until 1949 when she was converted to a motor barge and continued to trade until 1973.  She was then restored to sail by the company and used for corporate hospitality and as their social club, and took part in many barge races.  The Ena of Ipswich  was deemed surplus to requirements in 2000 and sold to an enthusiast based at Hoo in Kent.  She became available for excursions and is now registered with the National Historic Ships UK.  As at 2020 the Ena  is lying derelict at the Hoo “barge graveyard” (see photo, right) alongside the Felix of Ipswich  and Spinaway C of Ipswich .  Despite high profile televised efforts to save the barges that have been abandoned at Hoo, it looks as if the wrecks will eventually be broken up by the elements and daily tides. Jock of Ipswich Built of wood at Ipswich in 1908 for the millers R. & W. Paul, this 86 ton sailing barge was converted to a motor barge in 1955.  In 1973 she was bought by the general construction company Taylor Woodrow, re-rigged as a sailing yacht and used for corporate entertainment from out of St Katharines Yacht Marina on the River Thames.  In 1995 moved to Gravesend (on the Thames) and became a floating restaurant.  She was broken up in September 2004. Betula of Ipswich Built of steel by Gideon of Groningen, Netherlands, in 1924 as a motor sailing bulk cement carrier named Maartelaasgracht .  Bought by Eddie Smith in 1997 who had the hull shortened and altered, with new decks, cabin and hatches at Werkandam, Netherlands.  She was rigged as a staysail barge and renamed Betula of Ipswich ; Betula  is the scientific name for the birch tree.  She was active in several barge matches sailing under Eddie Smith.  She is based at Pin Mill on the River Orwell, where she is presently laid up (in 2016) waiting for a buyer.      * The five barges from Ipswich were the Adie , Barbara Jean , Doris , Ena  and Tollesbury .  The Tollesbury  and Ena  survived and are covered above.  Basic information on the three others lost at Dunkirk is as follows.   •     Adie of Ipswich :  Built at Brightlingsea 1924, 119 tons.  Blown up and abandoned between Dunkirk and La Panne 1940. •     Doris of Ipswich :  Built at Ipswich 1904, 62 tons.  Hit by a mine and abandoned 3 nautical miles east of Dunkirk 1940. •     Barbara Jean of Ipswich :  Built at Brightlingsea 1925, 144 tons.  She was one of the largest sailing barges and was loaded with stores and ammunition.  She was towed by a tug to Dunkirk on 31 May 1940 and was beached to make a “pier” for the soldiers to use in order to get onto the larger boats that could edge in closer in deeper water.  This episode has been depicted in several of the films dedicated to the Dunkirk evacuation, and has also been shown on postage stamps of the incident (Marshall Islands). Ipswich (Bremer River Paddle Steamer)  Launched in April 1860 at Cuthbert’s shipyard in Sydney, the 89 ton Ipswich  was one of the first paddle steamers on the Bremer River; plying the route between Brisbane & Ipswich. Owned by the Australasian Steam Navigation Company, the Ipswich  was a flat bottomed, double headed boat that could by steered from either end.  In 1880 she was sold to a Brisbane owner who had her converted to a screw propeller & renamed her Benowa  in 1885. She foundered in the Brisbane River in July 1888, and was raised only to be demolished.  The first paddle steamer on the Bremer River had been the Experiment  in 1846. As well the Ipswich , others that followed during the latter part of the nineteenth century included the Bremer, Hawk, Emu &  Breadalbane.     HMAS Ipswich (J186)  Built in Brisbane in 1941 by Evans, Deakin & Co. & launched in August of that year, the 650 ton minesweeper H MAS  Ipswich  was a Bathurst class corvette named for the city of Ipswich, Queensland. Commissioned in June 1942, she was used as a convoy escort by the Royal Australian Navy until November of the same year, before being assigned to the British Eastern Fleet in the Indian Ocean & Persian Gulf until January 1945, also spending some time in the Mediterranean in 1943. In 1945, she returned to Australia & was assigned to the British Pacific Fleet. She was present in Tokyo Bay on Victory over Japan day, 2nd September 1945. In July 1946, HMAS  Ipswich  was transferred to the Royal Netherlands Navy & renamed HNMLS  Morotai .  In 1949 she was again transferred, this time to the Indonesian Navy, & renamed KRI  Hang Tuah .  She was bombed & sunk in April 1958 by an American mercenary flying a B-25 Mitchell bomber, who was fighting for rebels against the Indonesian government. HMAS Ipswich (FCPB209)  Named for the  city of Ipswich, Queensland, the second HMAS  Ipswich  was a Fremantle class patrol boat of 210 tons built at the NQEA Australia shipyard, Cairns in 1980-82. Launched in September, she was commissioned into the Royal Australian Navy in November 1982. Her principal use for the next 24 years was as a patrol vessel contributing to Australia’s fisheries protection, immigration, customs & drugs operations, also being used in disaster relief & humanitarian operations. In 2006, HMAS  Ipswich  was used for filming the Australian TV drama series “Sea Patrol”, under the fictional name HMAS  Hammersley . HMAS  Ipswich  was decommissioned on 11th May 2007, and broken up for scrap at Darwin later that year. On 11th May 2011, a memorial to HMAS Ipswich  was unveiled in Queens Park, in Ipswich.  This consists of the ship’s Bofors gun which now stands alongside the existing RAN memorial. (See also Queens Park  section on the Ipswich, Queensland page) Ipswich - 1776  During the American War of Independence, on 13 December 1776, the schooner Ipswich , out of Massachusetts with a crew of five and a Dutch master, was captured by the British ship Boreas  under Capt. Charles Thompson and taken to Jamaica.  Nothing more was heard of her. Perseverance of Ipswich -1804  A ship of 292 tons was built at Salisbury, Massachusetts, in 1804 and was registered specifically with the name Perseverance of Ipswich  to distinguish her from the many other ships with the name Perseverance .  Her owners were Robert Follansbee of Salisbury, Joseph Swasey and David Rogers Jnr both of Ipswich, Massachusetts.  Robert Follansbee was the master and the ship operated out of Newburyport, Massachusetts, along the East Coast ports and across the Atlantic.  In June 1815 the ship was sold to Ellis & Co. of New York where she was registered but the “ of Ipswich ” was dropped from her name. She no longer appeared in Lloyds Register in 1818 and is presumed to have been sold or broken up. Ipswich  - 1919  After entering the First World War in 1917 the US government established the United States Shipping Board to build, own and operate cargo ships.  This body went into mass production of steel-hulled cargo ships through its Emergency Fleet Corporation (EFT).  These were known as Design 1013 ships and all were identical, each with a gross tonnage of 5,671.  Most were built at shipyards on the west coast so as to be out of danger from German U-boats & hence they were given names that began with West  or Western .  A total of 111 were completed, the majority in 1919 after the war was over.  Because the war had ended, the US Shipping Board allowed the ship that was to become the Ipswich  to be built at Chester Shipbuilders Co Ltd in Pennsylvania in 1919.  The shipyard followed the usual policy in naming the ship, but made sure it was named after a Pennsylvanian town – Westfield .  Despite the war having ended all the ships were acquired by the US Navy, but were quickly decommissioned after only a few months’ service.  In the case of the Westfield  after seven months. She was sold to the Shawmut Steamship Company which had been operating the cargo ships on behalf of the US Navy.  This company was based in Boston, Massachusetts, hence they renamed it after the town in that state: Ipswich .  The Shawmut Steamship Company was a subsidiary of the American Ship & Commerce Navigation Corporation which became the United American Lines in 1920.  After the subsidiary Shawmut SS Co. was dissolved in 1925, the United American Lines was bought by the German company, Hamburg America Line, in 1926.  The Ipswich  found itself on a regular run between New York and Hamburg in Germany, but, with the start of the Second World War, she was intercepted on 20 September 1939 by the British & had her cargo confiscated. When the USA came into the Second World War, the Ipswich , being a German-owned ship, was requisitioned by the US government.  She was renamed Campfire  in 1942 before being sold or given to the USSR in 1945 under the name Surkov . She was broken up in 1956.   Ipswitch  Built in 1928 at the Andrew Berg Shipyards, Blaine, Washington, the 34 ft, 10 ton, commercial fishing vessel Ipswitch (with a ‘t’)  is based at Sitka, Alaska. She was still registered there in 2021. This vessel was originally named Ipswich  (without a ‘t’) and operated out of Port Angeles, Washington.  However, when a change of ownership took her to Sitka in Alaska in 2001, the new registration was changed to Ipswitch  (with a ‘t’).  Swift of Ipswich   The Swift of Ipswich was built in 1939 by William A. Robinson, who had acquired a small shipyard on Fox Creek, near Ipswich, Massachusetts in 1937. She was designed by Howard I Chapelle as a reduced size replica of the Swift ; a brig built in America in 1778 which served as a privateer during the American War of Independence. The Swift  had been captured by the Royal Navy & brought to Deptford Dock in London, where she was deconstructed sometime during the 1780s. Not before detailed drawings had been made of her, however. The  Swift of Ipswich  is a twin-masted topsail schooner of 46 tons, with a length of 70½ ft. The year after her launch she was sold to the actor James Cagney (1899-1986) & his brother William. Cagney, star of such films as The Public Enemy (1931), Angels with Dirty Faces  (1938) & Yankee Doodle Dandy  (1941), transported the Swift of Ipswich  to Newport Beach, California, where she not only served as a private luxury yacht, but also appeared in many Hollywood films.  After Cagney sold her in 1958, the Swift of Ipswich  was acquired by Swift Associates & used for a variety of purposes over the years, including harbour tours, before being acquired by the Los Angeles Maritime Institute in 1991.  She participated in the Clash of the Tall Ships II  in Long Beach Harbor, California in January 1998 & is now used as a sail training vessel for their Topsail Youth Program as from 2002.  In 2014 the Swift of Ipswich  was placed in semi-retirement at Chula Vista, California, where, after 65 years of exposure to salt water conditions, work has begun on an extensive reconstruction. In February 2018 she was returned to the San Pedro-Wilmington waterfront at Los Angeles for the final restoration work, with the scheduled date for completion being given as 31 December 2021. She was re-launched on 6 December 2022.  Restoration work took seven years and cost more than $3 million.  The boat was re-launched on 6 December 2022.  Restoration work took seven years and cost more than $3 million.  She will join the Los Angeles Maritime Institute's fleet of tall ships used for youth sail training. USS Ipswich (PC-1186)  Built in 1943 at Gibbs Shipyard in Jacksonville, Florida, this 284 ton PC-461 class submarine chaser was launched in September of that year & commissioned in June 1944. At this time she seems to have had no name, but was simply known as PC-1186.  She was assigned to convoy duties in the Atlantic during the remainder of World War II, firstly from New England to Cuba, then between Cuba & the Panama Canal. After the war she patrolled the Canal Zone until May 1946, when she returned to Charleston, South Carolina & was decommissioned at New York in July 1946. She then joined the Atlantic Reserve Fleet &, while berthed in Boston, was named Ipswich  in February 1956. In April 1959 she was struck from the Navy Register & sold for scrap in September 1959.

Order of contents on this page: (Click on the links below): Introduction Animalae:- Extant Species: ipswichi/ipswichia  Wasps Spirostemma ipswichensis Austrosimulium bancrofti Ipswich A and Ipswich B  Salmonella Ipswich Ipswich strains   Extinct Taxon:  The “Ipswich, Queensland” families   Species belonging to other families   Plantae:-    Extant Species: Calyptochloa gracillima subsp.  ipsviciensis Laciniaria ipswichiana  Notelaea ipsviciensis  Pandorea sp. (Ipswich)     Extinct Species: Baiera ipsviciensis Ginkgoites ipsviciensis Ficus ipswichii  & Ficus ipswichiana   Polypodiisporites ipsviciensis  & Thymospora ipsviciensis (Verrucososporites  ipsviciensis)   Introduction  The name Ipswich, mainly in one of its Latin forms, has been used as part of the scientific nomenclature in 51 names of animals or plants.  Some of these will be alternative or earlier names for the same species but with the Latin “Ipswich” retained as the suffix (species indicator).  The name has been used to show the locality where the particular species was first recorded.  By far the majority have been named after Ipswich, Queensland, although at least one species has been named from each Ipswich in Jamaica, Massachusetts and England.   Extinct species form the majority of those that have been named.  This is because of the rich fossil finds in the Ipswich Coal Measures of Queensland, Australia.  The Denmark Hill Insect Bed which is in a Carnian lacustrine siltstone in the Blackstone Formation has provided numerous specimens of the Mesozoic era (Upper Triassic and early Jurassic epochs).  Reference should be made to the Denmark Hill Conservation Park  and Ipswich Basin  entries on the Ipswich, Queensland page.   The full list of scientific names is given below: ANIMALAE: Ipsvicioidea (SUPERFAMILY)  Ipsviciidae (FAMILY) Ipsvicia (GENUS) Ipsviciella (GENUS) Ipsvicioides (GENUS) Ipsviciopsis (GENUS) Archexyela ipswichensis Arhopoideus ipswichia Austroblattula ipsviciensis Coccidencyrtus ipswichia opidosoma ipswichia Cyzicus ipsviciensis Estheria ipsviciensis Euestheria ipsviciensis Gonatocerus ipswichia Gonatocerus  ipswichia varigattus Gonatocerus  ipswichia variguttus Ipswichensis iridescens Ipsvicia acutipennis Ipsvicia jonesi Ipsvicia langenbergensis Ipsvicia maculata Ipsviciella asiatica Ipsvicioides minimus Ipsviciopsis elegans Ipsviciopsis magna Japania ipswichia Macroglenes ipswichi Mesohyridella ipsviciensis Mesojassus ipsviciensis Microgadus ipswichensis Panopaea ipswisiensis parufens ipswichia Paralitomastix ipswichia Pecten ipswichiensis Phocion ipswichi (Plwcion ipswichi) Pseudestheria ipsviciensis Salmonella Ipswich * Spirostemma ipswichensis Tetracnemoidea ipswichia Unio ipsviciensis PLANTAE: Baiera ipsviciensis Calyptochloa gracillima subsp . ipsviciensis Ficus ipswichiana Ficus ipswichii Ginkgoites ipsviciensis Laciniaria ipswichiana Notelaea ipsviciensis Polypodiisporites ipsviciensis Thymospora ipsviciensis Verrucososporites  ipsviciensis * See entry below for explanation of nomenclature; this organism was considered a separate species from 1960 to 1973. In addition to the names above, there is a classification of organisms known as “cytoforms”.  These are entities that are designated in literature informally, e.g. by numbers, letters or place-names, and might prove to be a valid species in nature, but cannot be recorded as such in the light of current knowledge.  Two cytoforms of Austrosimulium bancrofti  are known as Ipswich A and Ipswich B (see entry below) and between 1987 and 2008 there was another cytoform known as Pandorea sp.  (Ipswich)  - see this entry in the Plantae section below.  A further classification is a “strain”.  In biology, a “strain” is a low-level taxonomic rank.  A strain is a genetic variant or subtype of a species, usually fungi or micro-organisms, e.g. a virus or bacterium.  The term refers to the descendants from a common ancestor that share the unique genetic information passed on to later generations.  In higher order animals, such as mice and flies, a “strain” is a group of that animal that is genetically uniform.  A strain can be descended from a modified life-form produced by conventional or laboratory breeding, or as a result of natural genetic mutation.  Certain strains can be considered “good” and do no harm, while other strains in bacteria, and particularly with viruses, are pathogenic and can cause serious illnesses.  (See Ipswich strains , below.) ipswichi/ipswichia Wasps  Entomologist & Taxonomist Alexandre Arsène Girault (1884 - 1941), more commonly known as A A Girault, was born in Maryland, USA, but moved to Queensland, Australia in 1911. A prolific researcher, he named over 3000 taxa (a term used to denote any group or rank in the classification of organisms e.g. class, order, family, species etc) throughout his career.  Girault was an eccentric and controversial figure.  He also increasingly became disillusioned with his colleagues in the same field.  He began to include acerbic criticisms, poems, and non-scientific comments in his papers, resulting in publishers turning his work away.  Consequently he published much of his work in privately produced pamphlets.  He was admitted to a lunatic asylum in 1936.  Six of the Australian species of insect that he initially described were named ipswichi  or ipswichia , due to their discovery taking place in the forests near Ipswich, Queensland. Confusingly however, revised scientific thought has resulted in the subsequent reclassification of these species, so that today we have thirteen different names with the ipswichi/ipswichia  suffix, but only five recognised species. Details of these name changes can be found below. All five are in the order Hymenoptera & the superfamily Chalcidoidea. The order Hymenoptera comprises wasps, bees, ants & sawflies, of which over 130,000 species have been recognised worldwide. The name derives from the Ancient Greek “ hymen ” meaning membrane & “ pteron ” meaning wing, hence “membrane winged”. Within the Hymenoptera is the superfamily Chalcidoidea. These are the Chalcid wasps, of which there are more than 22,000 known species. Most are parasitic; attacking the eggs or larvae of other insects such as butterflies, moths, beetles & flies, as well as some spiders.   Tetracnemoidea ipswichia &  Arhopoideus ipswichia : A new genus of the family Encyrtidae was named Tetracnemoidea  by the American entomologist Leland Ossian Howard in 1898.  In 1915 Girault described a new genus within the Encyrtidae family that he named Arhopoideus  ( “The family Encyrtidae with descriptions of new genera and species” , Memoirs of the Queensland Museum).  The name “ arhopoideus ” is Greek for “not Rhopoideus”, the latter being a genus name given by Howard in 1898.  Then in 1922 Girault described a new species and he named this Arhopoideus ipswichia  in his privately published manuscript: “The true remedy for head lice. Dedication of a new animal to the quality of majesty and so forth” .  By 1932 Girault had placed five species within the genus Arhopoideus .  However, other entomologists began to question his classification, and from 1929 to 1984 all five were re-classified into the genus Tetracnemoidea  that Howard had originally proposed.  Arhopoideus ipswichia  was re-classified as Tetracnemoidea ipswichia  in the 1980 publication “Encyrtids of the genus Tetracnemoidea Howard, 1898 (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae)” , Entomologicheskoe Obozreni, by V A Trjapitzin & G Gordh.  Tetracnemoidea ipswichia  is a dark metallic green in colour with white legs.  Japania ipswichia &  Parufens ipswichia : In 1911, in the “Transactions of the American Entomological Society” , Girault described two new genera within the family Trichogrammatidae: Ufens  ( “Descriptions of nine new genera of the chalcidoid family Trichogrammatidae” ), and Japania  ( “Synonymic and descriptive notes on the chalcidoid family Trichogrammatidae with descriptions of new species” ). In the latter case he states that “ Japania  is more closely allied with Ufens ”.  Girault seems to have named Ufens  after a warrior of this name from ancient Latium in Virgil’s Aeneid.  The original locality of these type genera was to be found in China, so Girault perversely named the other Japania .In 1913 he described a new subgenus from Australia that he named Parufens , using the Greek “ par- ” so that the name means “alongside Ufens ” ( “Notes on the chalcidoid Hymenoptera of the family Trichogrammatidae, with description of a new subgenus from Australia” , Revue Russe d’Entomologie).  The species Parufens ipswichia  was first described in 1922 in “The true remedy for head lice. Dedication of a new animal to the quality of majesty and so forth” .  However, there were doubts as to whether Parufens  was a true subgenus, and in 1968 it was re-classified as part of the genus Japania  hence the species was renamed Japania ipswichia .   Japania ipswichia  is mainly black with orange-yellow on the head and white on parts of the leg.   Macroglenes ipswichi, Phocion ipswichi &  Plwcion ipswichi : The genus Macroglenes  was named in 1832 by John Westwood.  The same genus was given the name Pirene  in 1833 by Alexander Haliday and he placed it in a family Pireninae in 1844.  Although Macroglenes has priority the name Pirene  has become preferred and is more often used today.  An application has been made to change the genus name to Pirene , but has not yet been adopted, so it is still correct to have Macroglenes ipswichi .  Both genera have Greek names: Macroglenes  means “large eyes” and Pirene  was a water nymph.   Girault described a species within the Pireninae family in 1925 in “Notes and Descriptions of Australian Chalcid Flies III”  which he named Phocion ipswichi ; Phocion  being a new genus that he had discovered and named after the Athenian statesman, a contemporary of Alexander the Great.  Unfortunately, the name “ phocion ” had been used as a name for various butterfly species since 1781 (first applied by the Danish zoologist Johan Fabricius), so it could not be used for a genus of wasps.  Girault then proposed renaming it Plwcion ipswichi , using the Greek version of the name instead of the Latin “ phocion ”.  However, the Greek version had already been used for the butterflies in 1904 (John & Anna Comstock), thus Girault’s proposed change was not accepted. Nevertheless, Phocion  was eventually discovered to be the same genus as Macroglenes .  The accepted name change came in 1988 with the publication of  “Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species”  by Zděnek Bouček.  The species is now classified in the family Pteromalidae, subfamily Pireninae, genus Macroglenes .   Macroglenes ipswichi  is blue with clear wings. Gonatocerus ipswichia , Gonatocerus ipswichia varigattus  & Gonatocerus ipswichia variguttus :  Gonatocerus ipswichia  of the family Mymaridae (fairy flies) was first found in a forest near Ipswich.  It was described by Girault in 1922 and published in “ New chalcid flies from eastern Australia (Hymenoptera, Chalcididae). II ”, Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus.  In 1933 a further specimen was collected at Ashgrove, New South Wales, and named Gonatocerus ipswichia varigattus  by Girault.  This was first recorded in “ New Trichogrammatidae and Mymaridae from Australia (Hym.) ”, Revista de Entomología, Rio de Janeiro vol 9, in 1938, and because of the geographical isolation of the two locations where these specimens were found, the latter was considered a sub-species of Gonatocerus ipswichia .  Some time later, the preferred spelling for the Ashgrove specimen became Gonatocerus ipswichia variguttus .  This gave rise to the belief that Gonatocerus ipswichia  comprised three sub-species, found at three different locations, and these were given the names: Gonatocerus ipswichia ipswichia , Gonatocerus ipswichia varigattus  and Gonatocerus ipswichia variguttus .  (Sub-species are capable of interbreeding, but do not do so in nature because of their geographic isolation from each other.)   The reputation of Giraud had suffered because of his eccentricities, and the scientific community came to the conclusion that these should probably all be classified as only one species, Gonatocerus ipswichia , in the family Mymaridae.  However, Edward C Dahms, the Curator of Entymology at Queensland Museum, revisited Giraud’s work in 1984, and concluded that there was a sub-species at Ashgrove.  This was again confirmed in “ The Australian Genera of Mymaridae ” by Nai-Quan Lin, John T Huber & John LaSalle, 2007, and the latest natural life directories recognise Gonatocerus ipswichia  and its sub-species of Gonatocerus ipswichia variguttus , of which Gonatocerus ipswichia varigattus  is now accepted as an earlier synonym. The genus name Gonatocerus  was given in 1834 by the German entomologist Christian Gottfried Nees from the Greek “ gonat ” (knee) and “ ocerus ” (horn), referring to the knee-like bend in its antennae.   Gonatocerus ipswichia  is predominantly black with yellow head & legs. Copidosoma ipswichia, Coccidencyrtus ipswichia &  Paralitomastix ipswichia   : This species was first described by Girault in 1923 in the privately published “ Loves wooed and won in Australia ”.  He then named the species Coccidencyrtus ipswichia  and the holotype (a single physical example of an organism) was placed in the Queensland Museum Brisbane.  It was soon after decided that this species should be placed in another genus, and Girault renamed it Copidosoma ipswichia .  In a review of the genera in the Encyrtidae sub-Family in 1984, it was proposed that it should be placed in yet another genus and it was renamed Paralitomastix ipswichia  (“ A review of the genera of Indo-Pacific Encyrtidae ”   by John S. Noyes & M. Hayat; Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), June 1984).  The explanation given was that it:  “…..should very probably be considered synonymous with Copidosoma.  It can be distinguished from Copidosoma solely on the bicolorous antennal flagellum…….similar to those species placed in Paralitomastix, …and a characteristic sometimes used to separate the two genera.” The latter proposal did not receive recognition, and it is difficult to know whether Copidosoma ipswichia  is still accepted as a distinct species, particularly as the only specimen known is the holotype described by Girault.  It is still shown as a “current taxon” in the Australian Faunal Directory  and the other two names are recognised as synonyms.  However, none of the “ ipswichia ” names appears in the 2012 CAB Abstracts, which are a global source of reference of the life sciences. Paralitomastix  is no longer shown as a genus of the Encyrtidae, but Coccidencyrtus and Copidosoma  are recognised genera. There are only five species in the present listing of Coccidencyrtus  and “ ipswichia ” is not one of them. With Copidosoma  there were 207 species in 2008 of which C.ipswichia  was one, but it has been omitted in the latest update in August 2012 when only 204 species were recorded. The full classification of Copidosoma ipswichia  is that it belongs to the sub-family Encyrtinae within the family Encyrtidae which is part of the Chalcidoidea superfamily.  The Encyrtids are small wasps with an enlarged pair of middle legs used for jumping. They are grey to black, and extremely small, usually less than 2 mm long. The hosts include ticks and various insect eggs, larvae and pupae. Worldwide this subfamily has over 170 genera and about 1600 species.  Additionally there are over 200 unplaced genera and species (mostly Australian). The problem is that a separate species name may be applied because the particular wasp noted only seems to lay its larva in one host, whereas others will use several different hosts. Therefore this is a family that is in constant flux, as new hypotheses of relationships are constantly being proposed and rejected; with the advent of molecular systematics, it seems that the future will see further revisions of the classification in use today. Spirostemma ipswichensis  Spirostemma ipswichensis   (see photo, right) is a type of land snail with an elongated narrow shell found at Cockpit in the interior of St Elizabeth Parish, about ¼ mile west of Ipswich station in Jamaica in 1898, hence its species name.  It was described and illustrated by Henry A Pilsbry, Conservator of the Conchological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia in the “ Manual of Conchology, second series: Pulmonata ” (1903) as: shell slender, pillar-shaped, the upper third or fourth slowly tapering, thin, red-brown or pinkish. It has 11 to 12 whorls, the last one tapering.  The aperture is oblique, subcircular, but a trifle longer than wide, the peristome (the edge of the lip of the shell) is white or pale brownish, and somewhat thickened. The length is between 13 and 15.7 mm, diameter 2.3 to 2.7 mm. It belongs to the family Urocoptidae, a group of air-breathing land snails or terrestrial gastropod (class) molluscs (phylum) in the superfamily Urocoptoidea that are characterised by the ability to breathe air by virtue of having a lung sac instead of a gill.  “ A Status Report on the Terrestrial Mollusca of Jamaica ” by G Rosenberg and I V Muratov (2006) failed to find this species, and it is recognised that with less than 15% of the original forest cover remaining this species could now be extinct.  Austrosimulium bancrofti Ipswich A and Ipswich B  Austrosimulium  is a genus of black flies belonging to the Simuliidae family in the order of Diptera, true flies of the insect world.  Over 1,800 species of black flies are known, and most gain nourishment by feeding on the blood of mammals.  Only four genera in the Simuliidae family contain species that feed on humans, and Austrosimulium  is one of them.  They are distributed in Australia and New Zealand, and are a common nuisance for humans since they spread several diseases.  Programmes have been established to suppress the black fly population. Austrosimulium bancrofti  was first described in 1918 by Frank Henry Taylor of the University of Sydney, a leading research worker into insect carriers of disease.  This species is widespread in eastern Australia; its eggs are laid in running water, and the larvae attach themselves to rocks.  Continuing investigations into their life cycle were made at four sites.  These were cytologically examined and evidence from the data suggests there are at least eight sibling species.  However, further work is required to confirm this hypothesis.  Two of these were from larvae collected in rapids on the Brisbane River near Ipswich, Queensland, and these were named Austrosimulium bancrofti  Ipswich A and Ipswich B (described in “Genome”  (1991) by J W O Ballard & D G Bedo). The subspecies category is not widely used in the Simuliidae family, so these are regarded as “cytoforms”, organisms that display differences based on chromosomal characteristics in the structure and function of their cells (“cyto-“ comes from Greek , meaning “cell”).  These entities thus remain of an undetermined status at present.  To emphasise that they are not yet regarded as separate species, the cytoform name is not italicised and the first letter is capitalised.  Salmonella Ipswich  This particular life form can be written “ Salmonella  Ipswich Kauffmann 1960”, an earlier synonym, or “ Salmonella enterica  subsp. enterica  ser. Ipswich” (see nomenclature below). Salmonella  is a genus of the family Enterobacteriaceae within the phylum Proteobacteria.  It is a pathogen long associated with a number of infectious diseases, and constitutes a major public health problem.  It was first isolated in 1884 by an American pathologist Daniel Elmer Salmon.  Thereafter many salmonellae  were differentiated by their serotypes or serovars, and each at first was considered a separate species.  A serotype or serovar is the category into which a bacterium is placed based on the number of cell surface antigens it contains, the antigen being the substance that provokes the production of antibodies from the immune system. The nomenclature and classification of Salmonella  species are complex and have been changed and restructured multiple times.  However, uniformity in Salmonella  nomenclature is essential for communication between scientists, health officials, and the public as Salmonellosis is a major cause of bacterial illness in both humans and animals.  Surveillance activities depend upon the accuracy of serotype identification and are facilitated by standardised nomenclature.  This allows clinics and hospitals to detect human infections due to specific Salmonella  serotypes at an early stage.  The nomenclature for the genus Salmonella  has evolved from the initial one serotype-one species concept proposed by Kauffmann.  There are currently 2,463 serotypes (serovars) of Salmonella  and this would result in that many species.  In 1973 it was demonstrated by DNA that all serotypes and subgenera of Salmonella  were related at the species level; thus, they belonged in a single species.  Since then it has been found that there are three separate species each of which contains multiple serotypes.  In all it has been determined that there are over 4,400 serotypes. In 2005, Salmonella enterica  finally gained official approval as the type species of the genus.  Salmonella enterica  is divided into six subspecies, one of which is also named enterica , and then the serotype name is placed last.  Serotypes received names according to the geographic location at which the new strain was first isolated, hence the full, long description as shown above.  For simplification only the serotype name is usually affixed to the genus Salmonella .  For named serotypes, to emphasise that they are not separate species, the serotype name is not italicised and the first letter is capitalised.  In the case of Salmonella  Ipswich, this was first isolated in 1960 at the New England Biolabs in Ipswich, Mass., USA. Ipswich strains  Ipswich strains - see definition of “strain” given in Introduction , above. As with cytoforms and Salmonella  Ipswich, the “strain” name is not italicised and the first letter is capitalised.   There is a great deal of confusion over the naming of Salmonella  ‘strains’ and even the people who work on Salmonella  are confused.  The nomenclature for Salmonella  is still evolving but, in essence, the ‘strains’ are generally different serovars of Salmonella enterica .  For this reason, we show this organism separately from other ‘strains’ (see above). With bacteria and viruses it is important to know whether they are “gram positive” or “gram-negative”.  Gram stains are nearly always the first step performed on body fluid when infection is suspected since these yield preliminary identification of a bacterial organism much more quickly than other methods.  Gram-positive bacteria appear violet, while gram-negative bacteria do not and are a pink or red colour.  The name comes from the Danish bacteriologist Hans Christian Gram, who developed the technique. Further information on bacterial and virus terminology can be found at www.planetsuffolk.com , Misc. page, Suffolk as used in Virus Names.   Musca domestica  - Ipswich strain: House flies ( Musca domestica ) are capable of carrying over 100 pathogens, such as those causing typhoid, cholera, salmonellosis, tuberculosis, anthrax, and parasitic worms.  Some strains have become immune to the most common insecticides.  One of these is the Ipswich strain.  Resistance to the insecticide permethrin in a strain of houseflies collected in August 1978 from a pig farm near Ipswich, England, at which excellent long standing housefly control with pyrethrins (household insecticides) had become unsatisfactory over a two year period, was one of the first in the UK in which resistance to such insecticides was detected.  (“ Genetic and biochemical studies of resistance to permethrin in a pyrethroid-resistant strain of the housefly (Musca domestica L .) ” by Russell A. Nicholson & Roman M. Sawicki in journal ‘Pesticide Science’, Vol. 13, publisher John Wiley & Sons, Limited (August 1982)) Knockdown resistance (referred to as ‘kdr’ or ‘super-kdr’) describes cases of resistance to diphenylethane (DDT) and pyrethroid (household insecticide) in insects, and was first identified in the house fly in the 1950s.  This came about from reduced sensitivity of the nervous system caused by mutations found in the insect sodium channel gene.  However, the Ipswich strain houseflies lacked this mutation, but were seen to degrade permethrin more rapidly than flies with ‘kdr’ or ‘super-kdr’.  Pyrethroid resistance in the Ipswich strain probably developed differently in response to prolonged treatment of the farm animal housing with pyrethrins that were used together with piperonyl butoxide (an organic compound that has no pesticidal activity of its own, but can enhance the potency of certain pesticides).  In this, they differed from other flies in their metabolism of permethrin and were thus a different strain that had developed separately. Alexandrium tamarense  - Ipswich strain:  Alexandrium tamarense  is an armoured, marine, planktonic species of dinoflagellate, known to produce a neurotoxin which causes the human illness clinically known as paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), associated with toxic PSP blooms in cold water coastal regions.  The dinoflagellates (Greek dinos  “whirling” and Latin flagellum  “whip”) are a large group of flagellate protists.  (Protists are organisms that are not animals, plants or fungi that form a separate kingdom of life.)   Most dinoflagellates are marine plankton, but they are common in freshwater habitats, as well.  The species tamarense  is widely distributed in cold-temperate coastal and estuarine waters in North America, Europe and Japan.  The size and shape of this species is highly variable.  It was first identified as a non-toxic algal bloom by the English marine biologist, Marie Lebour, in 1925 in the Tamar Estuary, near Plymouth, England, hence its species nomenclature.  It was then given the name Gonyaulax tamarense , but was later found to belong to the genus Alexandrium .  This genus was formally established with the description of its type by Professor Youssef Halim, an Egyptian marine biologist, in 1960 after this dinoflagellate produced a ‘red tide’ in the harbour of Alexandria in Egypt.  It became of worldwide concern as it was then identified as a ‘Toxic and Harmful Algae’.  The Ipswich strain was isolated by marine biologists J. Martin and L. Loeblich in January 1972 at Ipswich Bay, Gloucester, Massachusetts in what became known as the ‘New England red tide’ incident.  It was also confirmed as a harmful and toxic algal bloom.  The exact relationship between this strain and subsequent toxic PSP blooms in the northeastern Atlantic is still being investigated.    Deer tick virus (DTV) - Ipswich strain: In March 1997, a team from the Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, isolated the Deer tick virus (DTV) from Ixodes scapularis  (the deer tick, formerly Ixodes dammini ) collected in Massachusetts and Connecticut.  A variant strain found on the Crane Reservation, Ipswich, Massachusetts, was given the genome reference u93289 (IPS001).  It is a gram-negative, RNA positive-strand virus infecting New England deer ticks, primarily the white-tailed deer.  Deer tick virus causes encephalitis in humans and animals.  These viruses are found predominantly in the northern hemisphere in Siberia, central and eastern Europe and north-eastern North America.  Their virulence varies from mild to very serious according to the strains, those found in North America being particularly virulent, with a fatality rate of up to 60% and long-term neurologic effects in survivors.   DTV is very closely related to the Powassan Virus.  The latter is the species name and it is an RNA virus split into two separate lineages, Lineage I, labeled as the “prototype” lineage, and Lineage II, the DTV lineage.  Lineage II has the most genetic variation which indicates that it is most likely the ancestral lineage that split as a result of positive natural selection “approximately 200 years ago”.  The virus belongs to the genus Flavivirus  within the family Flaviviridae .  This genus includes the Zika virus, West Nile virus, and yellow fever virus, among many others.  Flaviviruses  are named from the yellow fever virus, the type virus for the family; the word flavus means “yellow” in Latin, the name arising from its propensity to cause yellow jaundice in victims. Neisseria meningitidis  - Ipswich 2 strain: Neisseria is a large genus of bacteria that colonises the mucosal (mouth area) surfaces of many animals.  Of the 11 species that colonise humans, only two are pathogens, N. meningitidis  and  N. gonorrhoeae .  The genus Neisseria  is named after the German bacteriologist Albert Neisser, who in 1879 discovered its first example, N. gonorrhoeae .  The generic name Neisseria  was given in 1885 by the Italian bacteriologist, Vittore Trevisan, although the name was not formally adopted until the 1930s.    Neisseria meningitides , also referred to as meningococcus , is a gram-negative bacterium.  It is referred to as a coccus because it is round and, more specifically, diplococcus because of its tendency to form pairs.  It is the main cause of bacterial meningitis and septicaemia in children and young adults.  These are life-threatening diseases of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the ‘meninges’.  A description of an illness resembling meningococcal disease dates back to the 16th century.  The first evidence that linked the cause to a bacterial infection came in 1884, and in 1887 the Austrian bacteriologist Anton Weichselbaum isolated the bacterium in a sample of cerebrospinal fluid.  He named the bacterium Diplococcus intracellularis meningitidis ,  later renamed Neisseria meningitides  in the 1930s.  It colonises and infects only humans and has never been isolated from other animals.  The bacteria that cause meningococcal disease are common and live naturally at the back of the nose and throat. The bacteria are so fragile that they cannot survive for more than a few moments outside the human body.  For this reason, they are not very contagious; but are passed from person to person through prolonged close contact: coughing, sneezing, kissing or sharing drinks.  The illness occurs when the bacteria break through the protective lining of the nose and throat, and enter the bloodstream. Once in the bloodstream, they multiply rapidly, doubling their numbers every 30 minutes.  In some people the bacteria cross the blood-brain barrier, causing meningitis.  In others, overwhelming septicaemia (blood-poisoning) happens so quickly that there is no time for meningitis to develop.  With a fatality risk approaching 15% within 12 hours of infection, it is crucial to initiate testing to determine the strain as quickly as possible before initiating antibiotic therapy.  Disease-causing strains are classified according to the antigenic structure of the serovar (see Salmonella Ipswich above for explanation of these viral terms).  Serotyping is therefore of great importance for the development of vaccination strategies. Meningococci  form a single species which fall into broad serological groups.  This was recognised in 1909 and further intensive examination followed that resulted in the first classification of meningococci  into two main groups (A & B).  In 1915 they were further sub-divided into four ‘types’ by bacteriologists Drs M. H. Gordon and E. D. G. Murray (“ Identification of the Meningococcus ” Journal No. 25 of the Royal Army Medical Corps (1915)).  The ‘four-type’ classification came to be used in the English-speaking countries, whereas the A & B groups (later two further groups were added) are recognised elsewhere.  These ‘types’ are classified by 13 serogroups or strains, 6 of which can cause serious illness in humans, and these are further subdivided into serotypes (or serovars) and subtypes dependent upon their protein and antigenic properties.   In the years after 1919 it became possible to place nearly all strains of meningococci  into one of the Gordon-Murray ‘types’, and the serotyping of meningococci  then became important in the characterisation of the strains for identification of the disease carrier in a patient.   In January 1931 Dr. William McDonald Scott, a medical officer at the Ministry of Health in Britain and an acknowledged expert in bacteriological types, submitted a strain collected at the Ipswich General Hospital.  This was classified as a “Gordon & Murray Type 1, Ipswich 2 strain”.  This was placed in ‘Hazard Group 2’; this is a biological agent that can cause human disease, but where there is usually effective preventive treatment available to stop its spread and enable recovery of the patient. Klebsiella pneumonia  subsp. Ozaenae  - Ipswich 932 strain:  The name “ozena” has been in use since the Classical ages of Greece and Rome for a polyp (abnormal growth of tissue) in the nose that has a thick, pungent, fetid discharge caused by a disease of the mucous membrane, often resulting in the decay of the nasal bone.  This is usually associated with the presence of bacteria of the genus Klebsiella . Klebsiella  is a genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae, named after the German microbiologist Edwin Klebs (1834–1913) in 1885 by the Italian bacteriologist Vittore Trevisan.  Edwin Klebs had seen bacteria in the airways of individuals who died from pneumonia in 1875, but it was not until 1882 that Carl Friedländer (1847-1887), another German microbiologist, described the bacillus that was the cause of pneumonia.  This was at first termed the Friedländer bacillus , but in 1886 it was recognised as a species of the Klebsiella  genus and given the name Klebsiella pneumoniae . In 1893, the German bacteriologist Rudolf Abel (1868-1942) isolated the bacterium that caused ozena, and he named this Bacillus mucosus ozaenae  (“ Bakteriologische Studien über Ozaena simplex ” ( Bacteriological studies on ozaenae simplex .)  Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene.  Abteilung I (Department I), 1893).  This was later recognised as a member of the Klebsiella  genus and thought to be a separate species, so it was renamed Klebsiella ozaenae in 1925.  In 1984, the Danish physician and bacteriologist Ida Ørskov (1922–2007), who made the first scientific study pointing to the risk of bacterial cross-infection in hospitals, showed that it was actually a sub-species of Klebsiella pneumoniae , hence it received its present nomenclature.   As with other bacterial diseases it is important to recognise the particular strain that is being treated.  In Britain, Public Health Laboratories (PHLS) are based within large National Health Service Trusts where clinical departments require specialist, dedicated, medical microbiology support.  In 1952 Dr J. A. Sykes of the PHLS at Ipswich General Hospital isolated a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae  subsp. ozaenae  from human sputum, and this was given the name ‘Ipswich 932’.  This was placed in ‘Hazard Group 2’; this is a biological agent that can cause human disease, but where there is usually effective preventive treatment available to stop its spread and enable recovery of the patient. Brucella abortus - Ipswich strain: Brucella abortus  is a gram-negative rod shaped bacterium that does not have a flagellum (the whip-like tail common to bacteria).  It is found in cattle populations but what makes this bacterium so dangerous is that it is zoonotic, meaning it can be transferred from an animal to a human host and still remain pathogenic.  In humans this disease causes ‘brucellosis’ caused by ingestion of unpasteurised milk or undercooked meat from infected animals, or close contact with their secretions.   Brucellosis was first noted as a ‘new’ disease in 1851 in Malta. It came to the attention of British medical officers serving on the island and was first referred to as “Malta Fever” caught by British soldiers based on the island.  In 1886 Dr David Bruce, a British army surgeon, with the assistance of Dr Guiseppe Caruana Scicluna, the Maltese public health analyst, isolated the bacillus which Bruce named “ Micrococcus melitensis ”.  ‘Melita’ is Latin for Malta.  It was soon realised that the bacterium was being transferred from infected goats and sheep.  In 1920 the genus was renamed Brucella after Dr Bruce and was originally divided into three species, one of which was Brucella abortis .  The latter was found in cattle and caused their fetuses to abort.  It was not until 1924 in the USA that this species was first noted in humans.  In 1930 the term “brucellosis” superseded the various names by which the illness had been known up to that time.    There are now known to be four Brucella species that can transfer to humans and cause disease, and it is therefore important that any strains that exist are identified and recorded.  A summary of these was collated in “ Observations on Brucella species based on the examination of 800 strains ” by J. C. Cruickshank & B. Madge (Cambridge University Press, 1954).  Among them was a strain of Brucella abortis  found in the milk of local cattle herds, and isolated at the Public Health Laboratory Service at Ipswich General Hospital, England, by Dr J. A. Sykes (also instrumental in identifying a strain in the previous entry above). Staphylococcus aureus  - Ipswich strain: Staphylococcus aureus  is a gram-positive, round-shaped bacterium that is frequently found in the nose and on the skin.  Staphylococcus  was first identified in 1880 in Aberdeen by surgeon Sir Alexander Ogston in pus from a surgical abscess in a knee joint.  He gave it this genus name because under the microscope they “looked like bunches of grapes”; from the Greek “ staphyle ” (grape) and “ coccus ” (round).  In 1884, the German physician and microbiologist Friedrich Julius Rosenbach differentiated the bacteria by the colour of their colonies: hence S. aureus  from the Latin “ aurum ” (gold). An estimated 20% to 30% of the human population are long-term carriers of S. aureus .  It can lay dormant in the body for years undetected.  Once symptoms begin to show, the host is contagious for another two weeks and the overall illness lasts a few weeks.  Although S. aureus  is not always pathogenic, it is a common cause of skin infections including abscesses, respiratory infections such as sinusitis, and food poisoning.  If untreated though, the disease can be deadly.  S. aureus infections can spread through contact with pus from an infected wound, skin-to-skin contact with an infected person, and contact with objects used by an infected person such as towels, sheets, clothing or equipment.  As such, it is still one of the five most common causes of hospital-acquired infections, particularly following surgery. In the 1960s certain strains of S. aureus  were found to have the ability to become resistant to the antibiotic methicillin.  These are known as methicillin-resistant S. aureus  (MRSA) and they became a common cause of infection in healthcare institutions around the world (referred to as “healthcare-associated MRSA”).  Then, in 1986, strains of MRSA were detected in Western Australia in the community by people who had not had any contact with a healthcare institution (referred to as “community MRSA”).  Many patients were Polynesian and typical infections involved the skin and soft tissues.  It was assumed that this strain had been imported from the Pacific islands.  When the incidence of infections from “community MRSA” became more prevalent among the Caucasian population, surveys were conducted to determine the cause.  In 2000 a clone was first identified at the Ipswich Hospital in Queensland, hence this strain had emerged.  In Australia there are now at least five strains of “community MRSA” recognised, one of which is the “Ipswich strain”.  The “Ipswich, Queensland” families  The finds of Benjamin Dunstan, the Australian Chief Government Geologist, and the noted entomologist Robert John Tillyard in the Denmark Hill Insect Bed at Ipswich, Queensland, form the basis of an extinct family of Hemiptera.  The venation (vein pattern) of their tegmina (the tegmen is the leathery front wing on an insect) has proved difficult to interpret.  Consequently, the relationship of this family with other groups of Hemiptera has been uncertain.  Nevertheless, Tillyard in 1919 described three forewings or tegmina of fossil insects where venational features indicated that they were from different species of the same genus which he named Ipsvicia (occasionally spelt Ipsvichia in the 1920s).  At the same time, as these tegmina were very distinct from anything known in the modern era, he placed the genus in a new family of extinct insects called Ipsviciidae, and projected a super-family which he named Ipsvicioidea.  All the names derive from the Latin spelling of Ipswich. Subsequent finds placed a number of Upper Permian insects into the Ipsviciidae family and soon they were no longer restricted to Australia.  By 2015 there were 12 genera recognised as part of this family found around the world in Australia, China, France, Germany, Japan, Kyrgyzstan, Russian Federation, and South Africa, ranging over the Permian, Triassic and Jurassic epochs.  Only four of these genera contained a name associated with Ipswich; the number of species within each genus is shown in brackets: Ipsvicia (4), Ipsviciopsis (2), Ipsviciella (1), and Ipsvicioides (1). The three forewings or tegmina described by Tillyard in 1919 came from fossil insects that he named Ipsvicia jonesi , Ipsvicia maculata  and Ipsvicia acutipennis .  (Full reference to the descriptions is given in “ Mesozoic Insects of Queensland. No. 7 Hemiptera Homoptera ”, R J Tillyard, 1919.)  They were each considered to be a type of jassid, another name for a leafhopper.  The leafhopper or ‘hopper’ is a common name applied to any species from the family Cicadellidae which are feeders that suck plant sap from grass, shrubs or trees.  Ipsvicia jonesi  was described in the newspapers as a “giant jassid”.  The wing had a total length of 14.2 mm and breadth of 5.6 mm.  It was named after Alfred J Jones, the Secretary for Mines in the Queensland government of the day.  Ipsvicia maculata  was smaller with a wing length of 13.5 mm and probable breadth of 4.6 mm.  The specific name indicates the very strongly spotted appearance of the tegmen when viewed with the naked eye.  Ipsvicia acutipennis  was the same size as the last named; the suffix “ acutipennis ” means “pointed wings”.  Ipsvicia langenbergensis  - a fossil forewing discovered in 2011 from the Upper Triassic lacustrine deposits at Mount Langenberg near Seinstedt, Lower Saxony (Germany), is the first definite record of the genus Ipsvicia  found outside Australia (G Barth, J Ansorge, and C Brauckmann “ Polish Journal of Entomology ”, 2011). Tillyard subsequently described two other fossil tegmina (forewings) which, because of differences from the earlier finds, he placed in a new genus, Ipsviciopsis  within the Ipsviciidae family; Ipsviciopsis  means “apparently similar to Ipsvicia ”.  The two species were: Ipsviciopsis elegans  with a wing length of 12.5 mm and breadth of 3.8 mm - the species name means ‘elegant’; and Ipsviciopsis magna  which only had a fragment of the wing, the length of which was 10 mm, but indicated an overall length of 26 mm, hence the species name of magna = large.  (Full reference to the descriptions is given in “ Mesozoic Insects of Queensland. No. 9 Orthoptera ”, R J Tillyard.  The Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 1922.) Ipsviciella asiatica : In 1962 a forewing was found in the Early Jurassic Dzhil Formation near (lake) Issyk-Kul in Kyrgyzstan.  It was recognised as a separate genus and assigned to the Ipsviciidae family, and given the name Ipsviciella asiatica , as the genus and species type, by Russian entomologist Elena E. Becker-Migdisova.  The name means “little one (= suffix ‘ ella ’) resembling ipsvicia  belonging to Asia”. In 1919 Tillyard proposed a super-family named Ipsvicioidea.  The Ipsviciidae were obviously a family within this classification.  In 1980 the Granulidae, a newly found extinct family from the Middle Triassic fluvial-lacustrine strata in the Laiyang Basin of Shanxi Province, eastern China, was also assigned to it. However, since 1919 there has been much debate as to which super-family the Ipsviciidae belong, and whether the Ipsvicioidea represents a true super-family.  It is beyond the scope of this piece to enter this argument.  What can be stated is that Ipsviciidae is a family of the kingdom of the Animalia of the phylum of the Arthropoda of the class of the Insecta of the order of the Hemiptera.  The latter is an order of insects colloquially known as the ‘true bugs’ because of their capability to suck plant sap from grass, shrubs or trees.  They emerged in the early Permian epoch and comprise species of cicadas, aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, spittlebugs and others.  Hemiptera means “half wing” and refers to the fact that part of the first pair of wings is toughened and hard, while the rest of the first pair and the second pair are membranous. However, the taxonomic status of the orders and families below that of Hemiptera has been under discussion for a while.  It was first suggested in 1992 that the super-family Ipsvicioidea was synonomous with the super-family Scytinopteroidea described in 1906 by Anton Handlirsch, the Austrian entomologist.  As this name was proposed before that of Tillyard (in 1919), this takes precedence.  This has now been accepted as correct after work done by the Polish entomologist Jacek Szwedo in 2018 of the University of Gdansk (Danzig) in his “ Classification, diversity and disparity of the Hemiptera ”. Ipsvicioides minimus : In 1973 a forewing was found at the Omine coal mine at Yamaguchi, on the main island of Honshu in Japan.  It had been laid down in a Carnian lacustrine silica-bearing sedimentary strata in the Momonoki Formation.  This strata is a characteristic of the deposition of deltaic conglomerates and coal beds, alternating with muddy sandstone sediments.  The forewing measured 7.0 x 2.2 mm and was laid down between 235 to 221 million years ago in the Triassic epoch.  The find was described by Ishida Fujiyama in “ Mesozoic insect faunas of East Asia, part 1, Introduction and Upper Triassic fauna. ”  Fujiyama, Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo, Vol.16 (1973).  He placed it in a new genus of the Ipswiciidae family that he named Ipsvicioides after the projected super-family of Tillyard.  The species type was named Ipsvicioides minimus , meaning “the smallest one”.     Species belonging to other families  Archexyela ipswichensis: This is a fossil sawfly species belonging to the Xyelidae family.  The Xyelidae (named in 1835) is today a small family with fewer than 50 extant species in 5 genera, but with an extensive fossil record.  They are the oldest fossil Hymenoptera, dating back to the Triassic, between 245 and 208 million years ago, and most fossils were found in the Northern Hemisphere.  The first of these early xyelids found in Australia were two specimens discovered in 1955 from the Late Triassic Mount Crosby Formation of the Ipswich Coal Measures to the north of Ipswich, Queensland, and the name Archexyela  was proposed for the genus by the Australian entomologist Dr Edgar Riek.  The species was named Archexyela crosbyi .  In 2005 another specimen comprising a forewing was found from the same formation but had a number of significant differences.  Michael Engel of the Entomology Division of the University of Kansas, therefore, gave the name Archexyela ipswichensis  to the new species, which was described in the “ Memoirs of the Queensland Museum ”, December 2005.   Austroblattula ipsviciensis: In the 1915-16 period the wing of a fossil cockroach was found in the Denmark Hill Insect Bed at Ipswich, Queensland, by Dunstan and Tillyard (see The “Ipswich, Queensland” families  above).  The definitive description was given by Tillyard in “ Mesozoic Insects of Queensland, Blattoidea ” in The Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales (1919).  Tillyard gave it the new genus and species name of Austroblattula ipsviciensis , and a new family name Mesoblattinidae (from “Mesozoic Blattinidae”) within the order Blattodea (cockroaches).  It has only been found at the Denmark Hill Insect Bed.  The specimen is a 7.5 mm long fragment of the left tegmen (forewing).        Cyzicus ipsviciensis, Pseudestheria ipsviciensis, Euestheria ipsviciensis & Estheria ipsviciensis: Palaeontologists seem to have overlooked the fact that the generic name Estheria was first used for a fly from Nova Scotia by the entomologist Jean-Baptiste Robineau-Desvoidy in the year 1830.  In 1837 Hercule Straus-Durckheim published an article in which he described a crustacean, the discovery of which he credited to Dr Eduard Rüppell. The name Estheria  was also given to this crustacean, which is found on islands off the coast of Eritrea, the name being inspired by the popularity of the biblical Esther among the inhabitants of that region.  The famous French naturalist Jean Victoire Audouin also proposed a name Cyzicus  in 1837 for the same crustacean that had been brought back from Oran in Algeria and the Russian provinces along the Black Sea.  (Cyzicus was an ancient city on an island in the Sea of Marmora, half way between these two locations.) Since Audouin had merely indicated the genus without giving a description, whilst Straus-Durckheim had provided a full description and characteristics, the name Estheria  was adopted.  It was a great many years before the fact that the name Estheria  could not be used for the crustacean caused zoologists any concern.  Near the end of the century Audouin’s name began to be used since the earliest use of a name for a genus always takes precedence in the zoological world, and the fly had achieved this in 1830.  In 1910 the naturalist E P Stebbing established the name Cyzicidae and Cyzicus  for the extant family and genus of crustaceans. This matter was of little interest to the palaeontologist, for the species involved were all modern, so the palaeontological world carried on using Estheria  to describe an extinct crustacean species.  In an attempt to avoid confusion, but to retain the link to their preferred name, palaeontologists turned to other names: Euestheria  was first coined in 1912 by Charles Depéret and Pierre Mazeran (“ Bulletin de la Société Histoire Naturelle d ’ Autun ”, 1912).  In 1946 Percy E. Raymond came up with Pseudestheria  noting: “Since Estheria  is a fly, it is not good practice to name a crustacean in such a way as to mislead entomologists…..  therefore, I am  using Pseudestheria , as the “false” portion of this name should be a warning to them.  I should have avoided such a practice were it not for the fact that “ Estheria ” looms large on the horizon of the palaeontologist, whereas Estheria  is just an unimportant fly, lacking even a nuisance value”.  This was enough nonsense for the zoological world and, at the 14th International Congress of Zoology in 1953, the name Cyzicus  was adopted in all circumstances, past and present, for this crustacean.   The earliest record of the occurrence of the fossil Estheria  in Australia was made in 1880.  The next discovery was made by Robert Etheridge Junior in the Upper Triassic deposits at Denmark Hill, near Ipswich, Queensland in 1892.  He considered the genus to be Estheria mangaliensis , but in 1927 John Mitchell, Principal of the Technical College and School of Mines at Newcastle, NSW, noted significant differences from that genus and considered the Ipswich find “to be a new species, and dedicate it to the locality or measures from which it was obtained” (“ The Fossil Estheriae of Australia” , Part i., John Mitchell, 1927).  Thus, Estheria ipsviciensis  or the alternative nomenclature Euestheria ipsviciensis  came into being.  In 1946 Percy E. Raymond, curator of Harvard’s Museum of Comparative Zoology, introduced Pseudestheria ipsviciensis , basically for those specimens that could not be easily identified: “ Pseudestheria  and Euestheria  are much alike, the difference being entirely in the sculpture.  Since the pattern of the latter can only be seen under the microscope, it is impossible in many cases to make definite identifications.  Pseudestheria  must inevitably become a sort of dumping ground for not-too-well preserved fossils.” (“ The Genera of Fossil Conchostraca — an Order of Bivalved Crustacea ” Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, USA, 1946). The fossil Cyzicus ipsviciensis  (since 1953) is represented by the bivalved phyllopodous crustacean of the present day, commonly known as the clam shrimp.  It looks like a tiny shrimp but has the distinct characteristic of living enclosed between two shells and, as such, it resembles the unrelated bivalved mollusc.  The animal is well segmented, and is able to withdraw wholly within its shell.  The shell varies in size from one-eighth to one inch in length, and is of rounded, flattened form.  They are known from the fossil record from at least the Devonian period and are found in the fossil state in deposits of fresh and brackish water origin.  During past geological periods, clam shrimp were apparently more numerous and common than they are now with over 300 extinct species known.  In freshwater deposits, generally poor in fossils, well-preserved clam shrimp shells are found quite often.  They help identify the age of the corresponding strata, and this was one reason for their importance to palaeologists and why they wished to retain the name Estheria . Mesohyridella ipsviciensis & Unio ipsviciensis: This is a fossil freshwater mussel of the bivalve class in the phylum mollusca; however, it is of uncertain affinity, but possibly belongs to the sub-family Hyridellinae.  It was first found in 1886 in the beds at the top of the Ipswich Coal Measures (hence the species name) at the Bremer Basin Colliery, Queensland, and is of Upper Triassic age.  It was described and classified by Robert Etheridge, Junior & Robert L Jack (“ Geology and Palaeontology of Queensland & New Guinea ”, 1892).  The original designation was Unio ipsviciensis  since it was assigned to the Unionidae family.  This is the largest family of freshwater mussels in the Order Unionoida, and the distribution for this family was considered world-wide at the time.  However, it soon became apparent that most of the 29 known current species of freshwater mussels in the Australian Zoogeographic Region (Australia, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and New Zealand) are members of the Hyriidae, a family shared with South America and distantly related to the unionid mussels of the other continents.  It, therefore, seemed likely that the fossil bivalve also belonged to that family and not the unionids.    In 1956 Donald McMichael revisited the Mesozoic bivalves from Australia and presented detailed descriptions of the fossils in an attempt to alleviate some of the taxonomic confusion that had arisen within the various groups (“ A Review of the Fossil Freshwater Mussels (Mollusca, Pelecypoda) of Australasia ”, 1956).  He established three Mesozoic genera of mollusca of which Mesohyridella  (from “Mesozoic Hyridella”) was one.  He placed one species in this genus, Mesohyridella ipsviciensis , and had this to say: “This genus is erected since it is necessary as the resting place for the Mesozoic species Unio ipsviciensis  which does not seem to belong with any of the other described recent or fossil forms.  The name is based on the vague resemblance which the species bears to some of the modern species of Hyridella, but should not be taken to imply any definite genetic affinity.”  Unfortunately, no more material since 1956 has shed any light on its relations within the Hyriidae family.  The difficulty here is that shapes of the shells vary with local environmental conditions, so that variation even within populations can be bewildering.  However, advances in molecular genetics are being made and future re-classifications may result. Mesojassus ipsviciensis : A fossil insect species derived from a forewing found in 1909 in the Denmark Hill Insect Bed at Ipswich, Queensland.  It was described by the Australian entomologist Robert John Tillyard (“ Mesozoic and Tertiary Insects of Queensland and New South Wales ” , Queensland Geological Survey, 1916).  It was dated to the Upper Triassic and Tillyard assigned it to the Jassidae family of leafhoppers in 1916, and named the genus Mesojassus  (from “Mesolithic Jassidae”) with ipsviciensis  being the only type species.  Since the Jassidae family is coextensive with the Cicadellidae family and cannot easily be distinguished from it, in 1923 Tillyard transferred it to the Cicadellidae; in 1992 it was further re-assigned to the Archijassidae family.  Microgadus ipswichensis:  This is a fossil otolith found at Gedgrave, Suffolk, England, in the Coralline Crag, and an incomplete specimen found in the crag at nearby Sutton.  They were named after the town of Ipswich near where the type specimen was collected.  They were laid down in the Miocene epoch, between 23 and 5 million years ago.   Otoliths are commonly referred to as “earstones” or “fish ear bones”.  They are hard, calcium carbonate structures located directly behind the brain of fish.  Otoliths help with balance, orientation, and sound detection.  They have a very distinct shape, which is characteristic of the species of fish.  That is, different fish species have differently shaped otoliths, thus biologists can determine the species of fish from this one individual structure. This was the first record of the genus Microgadus  in Europe, the two species found today being restricted to the shores of North America.  It is an inshore fish so this indicates that in the geological past there was a wider distribution of this fish.  The otoliths of M. ipswichensis  closely resemble those of the present species of M. tomcod  from the North West Atlantic, but differ in a slightly more compressed shape with a more deeply curved ventral rim.   The fossil was first scientifically described by Theodore N Gill (1837-1914), an American ichthyologist who wrote many treatises on fish.  He was professor of zoology at George Washington University and the librarian at the Smithsonian Institute.  The description and name was published in “ On the Cranial Characters of Gadus proximus Grd ” in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia, 1865.  It was more recently described in “ The Otoliths from the Miocene of the North Sea Basin ” by Werner Schwarzhans, 2010. The “tomcod” or “tommy cod” as an edible fish has long been known by Europeans since their arrival in North America.  It resembles a small cod and is found in North American coastal waters from the Gulf of St. Lawrence south to Virginia.  The English often use the name “tom” as an affectionate diminutive.  The scientific genus name of Microgadus was given by the German naturalist Johann Walbaum in 1792 and just means “small fish” from the Greek micro  and the Latin gadus  (fish). Panopaea ipswisiensis, Ipswichensis iridescens & Pecten ipswichiensis : This is a fossil bivalve mollusc which is illustrated under the name Panopaea ipswisiensis  in several 19th century books on conchology.  Achille Valenciennes, Professor of Zoology at Le Jardin des Plantes, Paris, identified it in 1839, and recorded the name in 1843.  He explains this in “ Les Archives du Muséum d’histoire naturelle, Volume 1 ” (1859): “Concerning the fragments that Sowerby found in the similar bed of the crag around Ipswich (Suffolk), they are certainly not the same species as Panopaea faujasi  nor the same species as found in London Clay. The projection of the nymph (the narrow ledge on the hinge behind the umbo - the protubing part of the shell, to which the external ligament is attached) and the concavity of the shell would suffice to characterise it, when we have whole individuals, to be certainly a separate species that I propose to name Panopaea ipswisiensis ”.  However, the notable Belgian palaeontologist PierreHenri Nyst disagreed, and since 1881 Panopaea ipswisiensis  has been considered a synonym of Panopaea faujasi .   An alternative name Ipswichensis iridescens  was also applied to this fossil in 1843, but it never received any recognition (in “ Index Animalium ” by Charles Davies Sherborn, an English taxonomist who catalogued the 444,000 names of every living and extinct animal discovered between 1758 and 1850; printed by the British Museum 1927). Before the above scientific studies differentiated between the various species, shells found in the Red Crag near Ipswich were designated Pecten ipswichiensis  (“ Recreations in Geology ” by Rosina Maria Zornlin, 1839).  This was a general name given to any species of bivalve molluscs, but particularly applies to the genus Pecten  (family Pectinidae), colloquially known as scallops.  Calyptochloa gracillima subsp. ipsviciensis  Calyptochloa gracillima subsp. ipsviciensis  is a recently discovered subspecies first noted in April 2012 by E. John Thompson and Bryan Kenneth Simon, and reported in “A revision of Calyptochloa C.E.Hubb . (Poaceae), with two new species and a new subspecies endemic to southeast Queensland”  in “Austrobailey”  Vol 8 (4): published by the Queensland Herbarium, 2012. Calyptochloa gracillima  is a species of grass (family Poaceae - true grasses) and the only species of the genus Calyptochloa .  It is found in Queensland, Australia, and was first described by the British botanist Charles Edward Hubbard in 1931, the then world authority on the classification and recognition of grasses. Calyptochloa gracillima  subsp. ipsviciensis is only found in the vicinity of Ipswich where it is known from a few small areas.  It is found on loam to clay loam duplex soils derived from shale on gently undulating to hilly terrain.  The habitat is typically moderately shaded.  It is similar to C.   gracillima  subsp. gracillima  in growth habit but on average it is taller, the mats cover a greater area and the leaves are more yellowish green.  It differs in detail, size and other aspects from other subspecies.  It flowers from December to March during the wet season.     The subspecies ispviciensis  is only known from a few locations near the urban centre of Ipswich, two of which are on Ipswich City Council reserves, and this very restricted range and the few small populations suggest the conservation status of this subspecies should be considered Critically Endangered.  Current threats include invasion from weeds, inappropriate burning regimes, urbanisation and road construction. Laciniaria ipswichiana  Laciniaria ipswichiana  is a flowering plant listed by the Philadelphia Herbarium, Acad emy of Natural Sciences. It appears that this may be an unpublished name for a variety of the species Liatris scariosa . This was a name given by E S Steele, who split Liatris scariosa  into scores of species. Liatris scariosa Edward Strieby Steele (1850-1942) was a botanist who worked for the United States Department of Agriculture, & later for the United States National Museum, Division of Plants.  The specimen of Laciniaria ipswichiana  in the Philadelphia Herbarium was found growing in New England, probably in eastern Massachusetts. It is listed as Liatris scariosa which is commonly known as ‘Devil’s Bite’; a species common to the eastern United States.                                                                                                                                                                                                             Liatris scariosa       The genus Laciniaria  is synonymous with Liatris , which belongs to the aster family.  The name Laciniaria  comes from Latin “ lacinia ” meaning ‘fringed’ from the appearance of the flower heads.  The name Laciniaria  was used first by English botanist John Hill in 1762 and would normally have taken precedence over Liatris , since the latter name was only coined in 1791 by the German naturalist Johann Schreber for the same genus.  The earlier name was rejected by the International Botanical Congress to avoid confusion with the same scientific name given in 1801 by the French naturalist, Jacques Drapernaud, to a genus of land snails (commonly known as ‘door snails’).  In 1943 Steele’s listing was revised by L. H. Shinners (The American Midland Naturalist, Vol 29, No. 1 (University of Notre Dame, Indiana)), and Laciniaria ipswichiana  is no longer given, even as a variant of Liatris scariosa .               Notelaea ipsviciensis  Notelaea ipsviciensis , also known as the Cooneana Olive, is found in only three closely clustered but fragmented locations in an area measuring less than one square mile in the Bundamba/Ebbw Vale/Dinmore districts of Ipswich, Queensland. It is a critically endangered species; some of the main threats being land disturbance due to open cut coal mining, urbanisation, insect pests, weed invasion, grazing & vandalism. In December 2008 only 17 specimens were known to exist. The species grows as an understorey plant in open woodlands, and is primarily associated with eucalypt-dominated dry sclerophyll communities situated on the poor, sandstone-based soils associated with the Ipswich Coal Measures. It is a slow growing plant, can reach a height of up to ten feet & is occasionally multi stemmed. It is an evergreen shrub, with leaves that grow to a little over three inches in length, by around ¾ inch wide.  It produces small cream-yellow flowers, with purple, fleshy fruit less than ½ inch in diameter, surrounding one seed.  It is tolerant of both drought & periodic fires, & is closely related to Notelaea lloydii ; another species found in the Ipswich area. The first identified specimen of Notelaea ipsviciensis  was collected in 1976, near to the present day Cunningham Highway in an area known as the “Cooneana Paddock”, by Ipswich resident  Ron Liebram, who submitted it to the Queensland Herbarium for identification, where it was noted that it differed from other species native to the area. Due to land disturbance from the nearby coal mines, no further specimens could be found at that time & the species was thought to be extinct, before it was rediscovered close to the original site in the 1980s.  Originally given the scientific name Notelaea sp. Bundamba , the species was officially recognised in 2004 & named Notelaea ipsviciensis  by W K Harris. The plant is now listed under the Australian Federal Government's Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 . The University of Queensland have a number of the plants growing on their campuses both at Ipswich & at Gatton. Notelaea  is a genus of Australian plants within the family Oleaceae.  Oleaceae contains around 600 species of mesophytic shrubs, trees & vines. As well as the Olive ( Olea europaea ), the family also includes the jasmines, lilacs, ash & forsythia. Pandorea sp. (Ipswich)  This was the scientific name given to the Ipswich Wonga Wonga Vine between 1987 and 2008 when its status was still undetermined as to whether it was a separate species, thus it was treated as a cytoform.  This plant had first been described in 1838, but it was long regarded as just a variation of the more common Wonga Wonga Vine ( Pandorea pandorana ).  It was accepted as being distinct in 1987 and finally in 2008 it was accepted as a separate species and was given the scientific name Pandorea floribunda .  (See that entry in the Flora section on the Ipswich Misc.  page.)  Baiera ipsviciensis  Baiera ipsviciensis  was a species of the genus Baiera , fossil gymnosperms (family Ginkgoaceae) that are known from the Triassic to the Lower Cretaceous and are considered by some palaeobotanists to be ancestors of the surviving ginkgoes.  The generic name Baiera  was first applied in 1843 by the German palaeobotanist Carl F.W.Braun (1800-64), professor of natural sciences at Bayreuth in Bavaria.  The name was derived from the 12th century spelling of the city ( Baierrute ), and referred to a leaf that was found in the nearby Rhaeto-Liassic beds that was similar in general form to those of the Ginkgo, but was deeply divided into long, narrow, linear segments (“ Beiträge zur Urgeschichte der Pfanzen ” ( Contributions to the early history of plants ) Braun 1843). Fossil leaves of Baiera  were first recorded in Queensland in the Triassic (Ipswich Series) of Denmark Hill, by John Shirley in 1898 (“ Queensland Geological Survey ”, Bulletin 7).  They were further described by Arthur Bache Walkon in 1917 when later discoveries were made in shales of coal seams at Mihi Creek in North Ipswich, and also in the Redbank and Goodna areas,  (“ Mesozoic Floras of Queensland, part I; Flora of the Ipswich & Walloon Series ” Queensland Geological Survey, 1917).  Walkon recognised that the wedge-shaped leaves were similar to Ginkgo leaves, but differed in the greater number and smaller breadth of the segments, and he gave them the species name of Baiera ipsviciensis .   Traditionally, palaeobotanists have recognised related fossil Ginkgo genera called Baiera  and Ginkgoites  (see Ginkgoites ipsviciensis , below).  The older Mesozoic flora indicate a world-wide spread of Baiera , whereas the Ginkgoites  leaves appear later in the Jurassic period, reaching their peak towards the end of the Cretaceous.  Ginkgos were a common and widespread group for a very long time.  The major distinction between Ginkgoites  and Baiera  is that Ginkgoites  is used for leaves with more than four veins per segment and Baiera  for forms with fewer than four veins per segment.  However, many palaeobotanists have rejected this classification as too ill-defined.  Many believe that these characteristics are within the limits of intra-genus variation, and therefore these should all be classified as Ginkgoites .  The well-respected Swedish palaeobotanist Rudolph Florin was the first to transfer this species from Baiera  to Ginkgoites  in 1936 (“ Die Fossilen Ginkgophytes von Franz-Joseph Land” Palaeontographica (1936)).  Ginkgoites ipsviciensis  Ginkgoites  is an extinct genus of plants belonging to the Ginkgoaceae family that was found world-wide during the Mesozoic Era (Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods), and first appeared in the Permian Era over 250 million years ago.  The only extant species today is the Ginkgo biloba  (maidenhair tree) native to China.  The name ‘ Ginkgo ’ comes from the Chinese “duck feet” because of the shape of the leaves.  The Japanese characters to write the word transliterate into Roman script as “ ginkyo ”, but when the species became known to Europeans in the 17th century it was spelt incorrectly, and this spelling has remained. British botanist, Albert Seward (1863-1941), Professor of Botany at Cambridge University, 1906 to 1936, coined the word Ginkgoites  in 1911 and formally proposed it in 1919, since the leaves were very similar to those of Ginkgo biloba  (“ Fossil Plants, Vol. IV ” Cambridge Biological Series (1919)). As noted in the above entry, Rudolph Florin was the first to transfer Baiera ipsviciensis  to Ginkgoites  in 1936 (“ Die Fossilen Ginkgophytes von Franz-Joseph Land ” Palaeontographica (1936)), and to use the name Ginkgoites ipsviciensis .  The occurrence of fossil Ginkgo , including Ginkgoites  and Baiera  leaves, is so sporadic that the scientific community is still undecided about their specific identification and range of variation. The scientific communities in Australia and New Zealand have accepted this new designation in place of Baiera ipsviciensis  in their journals since 1947.  Ficus ipswichii & Ficus ipswichiana  Ficus ipswichii  & Ficus ipswichiana  were two species of plants which flourished during the Cretaceous Period of the Mesozoic Era, 146-65 million years ago, coinciding with the age of the dinosaurs. Their fossil remains were discovered in the Ipswich Coal Measures of Queensland during the late nineteenth century & were first described by the Austrian botanist and palaeontologist Baron Constantin Von Ettingshausen (1826-97). They are listed in the “ Catalogue of the Mesozoic plants in the British museum (Natural history): The Cretaceous flora ”. However, neither the British Natural History Museum, nor the Queensland Museum can shed any further light on them. It is possible that they have since been found to be synonymous with another species & been reclassified. Ficus is a genus of flora within the Moraceae family, with around 850 species extant today. They are more commonly known as figs or fig trees. If these two species of plants flourished during the Cretaceous Period, 146 to 65 million years ago, and were an early form of the genus, this would have certainly been noted by subsequent research since there are no unambiguous old fossils of Ficus .  The current molecular clock estimates indicate that the Ficus  genus is at least 60 million years old, and possibly as old as 80 million years.  All 800 modern species of the fig tree need to be pollinated by just one or two species of fig wasp, and the fig wasp can only reproduce in fig flowers.  Thus fig wasps and fig trees are mutually dependent on each other. The oldest fossil fig wasp found in Australia has been dated to 34 million years. It should also be noted that if the fossils were found in the Ipswich Coal Measures, then they would be far too old for the flowering plants that emerged during the Cretaceous, since modern radiometric dating techniques now place the Ipswich Coal Measures in the Carnian epoch of the Triassic period, 230 to 200 million years ago.   It therefore appears most likely that the original classification was incorrect, and the specimens were one of the gymnosperms, the group of plants that includes conifers, cycads, and the ginkgo, the dominant flora of the late Triassic and early Cretaceous periods. (See also Ipswich Basin on the Ipswich, Queensland page).  Polypodiisporites ipsviciensis & Thymospora ipsviciensis (Verrucososporites  ipsviciensis) These two plant species have been given the suffix “ ipsviciensis ” because of their association with Ipswich, Queensland.  In both cases they are extinct types of ferns known only from their fossil spores found in the Ipswich coal measures.  The names were given by Noel Jack de Jersey of the University of Queensland in 1964 (“ Triassic Spores & Pollen Grains from the Bundamba Group ” Geological Survey of Queensland, 1964). The Bundamba Group comprises the depositional cycle of the Triassic to Jurassic periods, 250 to 210 millions year ago, on the Gondwana continent, and it reflects alluvial valley sedimentation in a consistently wet climate (See also Ipswich Basin on the Ipswich, Queensland page).   Ferns grow best in warm to cool, very moist environments.  They are a good indicator of a wet climate. Polypodiisporites ipsviciensis  is a member of a widespread fossil spore belonging to the Leptosporangiate ferns which are the largest group of living ferns.  They comprise the subclass Polypodiidae   (polypod ferns) and nearly all are epiphytes, i.e. they grow on other plants non-parasitically. Thyospora ipsviciensis  comes from an extinct species of tree fern.  It is scientifically described as a ‘marattialean monolete spore’.  Marattialean is an order of lower ferns coextensive with the family Marattiaceae, a primitive group of tropical ferns with a large, fleshy rhizome (the plant stem underground that produces roots).  During the Triassic these were very abundant and diverse, occupying swampy sites for long periods.  Under high magnification, spores can be categorised as either monolete spores or trilete spores.  In monolete spores, there is a single line on the spore indicating the axis on which the mother spore was split into four along a vertical axis. Verrucososporites ipsviciensis  is an earlier name for Thymospora ipsviciensis .  The genus prefix Verrucososporites  was given in 1956 by Balme & Henelly, and the change of name to Thymospora  was first applied in 1963 (L. R. Wilson) relating to fossil spores found in Carboniferous measures in Oklahoma.  The new name very quickly superseded the old one, no doubt for ease of spelling.

This page is devoted to places that were once called Ipswich but, for varying reasons, have since changed names. Order of contents on this page: (Click on the links below) England:  Ipswich Water (River Orwell), England The Village of Westerfield - Formerly within the Borough of Ipswich, England Orwell Haven (Orwell Estuary) - Formerly within the Borough of Ipswich, England  USA: Ipswich Canada, Massachusetts, USA   Ipswich Hamlet, Massachusetts, USA The Town of Essex - Formerly part of Ipswich, Massachusetts The Town of Topsfield - Formerly part of Ipswich, Massachusetts Little Ipswich, Syosett, New York, USA Australia:  Little Ipswich, Queensland, Australia The Shire of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia City of Ipswich, Queensland - Land Lost to Other Jurisdictions  Proposed Expansion:  What Might Have Been: The Proposal for a Greater Ipswich, England in the 1960s    Ipswich Water (River Orwell), England  Although the name of the river on England’s east coast that flows from Harwich to Ipswich has been known as the Orwell since at least Saxon times, the alternative name of Ipswich Water was in use, colloquially at least, for many centuries. In 1722, Daniel Defoe in his A Tour Thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain, divided into circuits or journeys, vol.1  wrote that:     ‘A traveller will hardly understand me, especially a seaman, when I speak of the River Stour and the River Orwell at Harwich, for they know them by no other names than those of Manningtree water and Ipswich water; so while I am on salt water, I must speak as those who use the sea may understand me, and when I am up in the country among the inland towns again, I shall call them out of their names no more’ Exactly when the name Ipswich Water fell into disuse is unclear. (See also River Orwell & River Gipping  section on the Ipswich, England page) Top of Page The Village of Westerfield - Formerly within the Borough of Ipswich, England  The small village of Westerfield, two miles to the north of Ipswich town centre, once had the distinction of being the only village (partly) within the Borough of Ipswich. In the early 1980s the Boundary Commission recommended that the boundary should be changed to bring unification of the village within the administrative control of Suffolk Coastal District Council. This was implemented in 1985, with the boundary being moved further south, & Ipswich losing its only outlying village (see The Boundaries and Expansion of Ipswich  on Ipswich, England page). The vicinity of Westerfield has been inhabited since at least the Late Stone Age, with flint axe heads & tools being discovered in the area. Roman coins have also been found close by. The name is a mixture of Norse ( vestri  meaning ‘more to the west’) and Saxon ( feld  meaning ‘field’), hence ‘the field further to the west’.  In 1086 the Domesday Book had the settlement as “Westrefelda”, and even at that early date the valuation of the manor was included in Ipswich.  The larger landowners favoured incorporation in Ipswich since they were invariably also burgesses of that town and they, therefore, accepted a boundary that included their lands in Ipswich.   The boundary actually ran down the middle of the village street, leaving houses on opposite sides of the road in different jurisdictions.  From 1894 to 1903 a separate parish of Westerfield-in-Ipswich was created within the county borough, and from 1903 to 1985 this was wholly integrated as a part of Ipswich.  The urban spread of Ipswich northward never actually reached Westerfield, and there remained a couple of miles of agricultural land between the two.  This made it even more illogical that a town boundary should run through the middle of a village, and after the reorganisation of county administration in 1974, it once again came up for discussion.   A united village of Westerfield was achieved in 1985.  Its population at the 2021 census was 483. The village was the birthplace of the Victorian novelist, essayist, and poet Matilda Betham-Edwards (1836 - 1919).  From Ipswich, Westerfield can be reached by Westerfield Road (B1077). Top of Page Orwell Haven (Orwell Estuary) - Formerly within the Borough of Ipswich, England  Since “time immemorial” it had been essential for Ipswich to control the approaches to its port, i.e. the tidal part of the River Orwell.  This included the estuary (Orwell Haven) where there later developed an anchorage known as the “Port of Orwell”.  In the 13th century this control was challenged by the newly established port of Harwich.  In 1340 and 1378 it was finally determined that the estuary and its shoreline were within the boundaries of Ipswich.  This remained the position until 1863 when Ipswich lost these waters to Harwich.  The maritime boundary of Ipswich was then established, as it is today, on an imaginary line from Shotley Point to Fagbury Cliff in Trimley.  (For full story see The Lost Port of Orwell  on Ipswich, England, page.)   Top of Page   Ipswich Canada 1735 - 1764 (Now Winchendon, Massachusetts)  42° 41’ 10” N  72° 02’ 40” W Not in Canada, but another Ipswich in Massachusetts; this one in Worcester County near the border with New Hampshire & only 20 miles from New Ipswich. The name, however, comes from Ipswich, Essex County, Massachusetts. Although the region had been explored in the 1720’s the area remained a wilderness until 1735, when the first settlements (known as ‘plantations’) were granted. These were given to veterans of the expeditions to Quebec in 1690, hence the names Dorchester Canada, Salem Canada & Ipswich Canada.  Ipswich Canada was allotted to a contingent of 52 people from Ipswich, Essex County, led by Lt. Abraham Tilton. Settlement, however, didn't begin until 1752; the first house being built by Thomas Brown. In 1764, the town was incorporated as Winchendon, the name being given by the then Governor of Massachusetts, Francis Bernard, after his home town of Nether Winchendon, Buckinghamshire, England. In 2020 the population of Winchendon was 10,364. The town covers an area of approximately 44 square miles. Top of Page Ipswich Hamlet 1638 - 1793 (Now Hamilton, Massachusetts)  42° 37’ 11” N  70° 51’ 17” W Church at Ipswich Hamlet 1787  The town of Hamilton, in Essex County, Massachusetts, USA lies approximately four miles south of Ipswich. It was first settled by Matthew Whipple, originally from Bocking, Essex, England in 1638, and was known as Ipswich Hamlet.  The distance from the Ipswich Meeting House was too far for the inhabitants, so they began to use Wenham for their services.  Because of t his, the General Court authorised that Ipswich Hamlet should become a separate parish in October 1713, although it remained legally part of Ipswich Township.  As the parish assumed further responsibilities agitation began to become a separate town, and this took place when it became incorporated as Hamilton on 21 June 1793.  It was named after Alexander Hamilton, who was the first US Secretary of State. Today, the town of Hamilton covers an area of 14.9 square miles. The population in 2020 was 7,561.       Top of Page                                                                                                                                The Town of Essex - Formerly part of Ipswich, Massachusetts  42° 37’ 55” N  70° 47’ 00” W The town of Essex, Massachusetts, was previously in the southeastern-most part of the town of Ipswich.  William White and Goodman Bradstreet were the first settlers granted land at the location, then known as Chebacco, in 1634.  The name Chebacco is Agawam in origin and refers to a large lake whose waters extended into neighbouring Hamilton. Early on, the residents lobbied for status as an independent town, asking for permission to build a meeting house which would indicate their separate existence. This was denied to them. Popular legend has it that the actual edict stated that “no man shall raise a meeting house”, so the women of the settlement, led by a Mrs Varney, constructed a meeting house in March 1679 while the men looked on. (It is known for certain that two men and three women were prosecuted for this action in May 1679.)  The settlement was recognised as a separate parish in 1683 when it was then called Chebacco Parish, still within the Town of Ipswich.  Essex was finally incorporated as a separate town on 15th February 1819, taking its name from the county in which it was located.   Today, the town of Essex covers an area of 15.9 square miles. The population in 2020 was 3,845. Top of Page   The Town of Topsfield - Formerly part of Ipswich, Massachusetts  42° 38’ 15” N  70° 37’ 00” W The town of Topsfield lies southwest of Ipswich with the Ipswich River running through the southern portion of the town.  In September 1639 the land “near to the Ipswich River” was granted to Salem by the General Court at Boston as the “Newe Medowes”, and began to be settled in 1641.  However, since most of the settlers came from Ipswich, in October 1643 the General Court agreed that New Meadows should belong to that town.  The name “Topsfield” was already in existence unofficially since it is recorded in a land grant of March 1642 to Henry Parks. The name is derived from the village of Toppesfield in north Essex, England where Samuel Symonds, the deputy governor of the time, came from.  In 1645 it was freed from the ministerial and taxation control of Ipswich, but remained legally part of that town.  On 27 October 1648 the General Court agreed to the name change to Topsfield, and on 18 October 1650 it was incorporated as a separate town independent from Ipswich. The boundary with Ipswich was not established until 1694.  In 1728 Topsfield lost its southwestern part that was east of the Ipswich River to Middleton.  In 1774 it gained a part of Ipswich east of the Ipswich River from Ipswich Hamlet.      Today, the town of Topsfield covers an area of 12.8 square miles. The population in 2020 was 6,715. Top of Page Little Ipswich, Syosset, Nassau County, Long Island, New York  40° 49’ 21” N 73° 28’ 28” W Located on the Syosset to Woodbury Road, Little Ipswich was the name of a house and a 29 acre estate, also known as the Chalmers Wood Estate.  The one storey house was designed by William Adams Delano and Chester Holmes Aldrich in the neo-classical style, and was built in 1927-28.  It was built for Chalmers Wood, a wealthy New York stockbroker, and his second wife Ruby Ross Wood, a prominent interior decorator, also from New York. Although born in New Jersey, the boyhood home of Chalmers Wood was Ipswich, Massachusetts.  His father came from a New York family but had married Harriette Appleton, who belonged to one of the earliest families in Ipswich (see Appleton Farms  on Ipswich, Massachusetts, page) and the family lived at that town during his youth.  Chalmers Wood’s profession took him to New York, but he was very proud of this ancestry, and thus he named his house and estate Little Ipswich.  The name became attached to the surrounding neighbourhood. Ruby Ross Wood died in 1950 and Chalmers Wood in 1952.  The estate was then bought by Count Giorgio Uzielli, a member of the New York Stock Exchange, from a wealthy Florentine family of bankers and financiers, connected by marriage to the Rothschild family.  The house was renamed “Lake House”, although the estate continued to be referred to as “Little Ipswich”, mainly because the family only stayed there in the summer months and did not have the same impact on the community as had the previous occupants.  After the death of Giorgio Uzielli in 1984, the house was left empty.  It was vandalised and the estate neglected.  Since his son Gianni Uzielli had married the daughter of Henry Ford II of the Ford Motor Company, there was not a shortage of available accommodation. Finally, in 1995, the house was demolished and the 29 acre estate sold to make way for a development of 21 homes known as Pironi Estates. Apparently, Little Ipswich was, at least until recently, still listed by the post office on zip code 11791. Syosset is classed as a hamlet & census designated place in the northeastern section of the town of Oyster Bay, Nassau County, near the North Shore of Long Island. The population at the 2020 census was 19,453.  Top of Page Little Ipswich, Queensland 1842 - 1860 (Now West Ipswich)  The first name given to this area was One Mile Creek because it was that distance west from the fledgling town of Ipswich, where there was a ford to cross the Bremer River.  It was first settled before October 1842 by Donald Campbell, a blacksmith, with his wife, three sons and a daughter.  Soon after in 1843 William McTaggart Dorsey, the first doctor to practise in Queensland, bought one of the allotments there, and established a small cottage hospital.  Within a year it was referred to as Little Ipswich since a separate community rapidly developed t here.  A hostelry called the One Mile Hotel (see photo, right) became the place where bullock teams from the Darling Downs, laden with bales of wool, would camp.  Little Ipswich thus became a busy centre in its own right from that of Ipswich.  Nevertheless, it was included in Ipswich when the municipality was incorporated in 1860, becoming one of its early suburbs.  It was renamed West Ipswich in 1877. However, the name Little Ipswich was retained by a railroad station in West Ipswich on the Dugandan Line (1887-1964). Top of Page The Shire of Ipswich, Queensland 1916 - 1917 (Became the Shire of Moreton before merging with the City of Ipswich)  The Shire of Ipswich existed from 1916 to 1917 as an administrative unit of Queensland. The Shire of Ipswich comprised parts of the former Shires of Brassall, Bundanba, Purga and Walloon.  The boundaries were defined on 13th October 1916, and basically surrounded the City of Ipswich.  On 28th July 1917 the name was changed to the Shire of Moreton.  On 9th June 1949 Moreton Shire Council began holding its council meetings in Ipswich after its amalgamation with the Shires of Normanby and Rosewood.  Council meetings were held in Ipswich until 1959, when a move was made to have the Council headquarters relocated to one area within the Shire of Moreton.  The new offices were officially opened at Yamanto, just south of Churchill and the Ipswich Boundary, on 4th March 1961.  On 11th March 1995 the Shire of Moreton was merged with the City of Ipswich to form the present local government unit.  Top of Page City of Ipswich, Queensland - Land Lost to Other Jurisdictions  The following suburbs were originally part of the Shire of Moreton, and on its merger with Ipswich in 1995 these suburbs were brought into the City of Ipswich.  Some of them had more in common with neighbouring jurisdictions than with Ipswich, and subsequent transfers were made in later years.  Kholo, Mount Crosby, Karana Downs, & the northern part of Chuwar 1995-2000: Kholo, Mount Crosby and Karana Downs were the only parts of Ipswich north of the River Brisbane, and throughout the 20th century the residents and infrastructure had become more aligned with the City of Brisbane because of the ease of communications in that direction.  In the 1990s residents lobbied to be integrated into Brisbane City Council, and in 1998 the suburbs were re-zoned to Brisbane, and officially transferred in April 2000. The first Europeans to enter the Mount Crosby region were John Oxley and Allan Cunningham in 1824.  It was not until 1852 that the area was opened up for settlement when George Colledge and Robert Bland made the first selection of land north of the Brisbane River in what is now Karana Downs.  At that time all areas bordering the north side of the Brisbane River, including today’s Lake Manchester, Kholo, Mount Crosby and Karana Downs, were known as the Parish of Kholo.  This is an old place name, but its origin is unknown.  Kholo was the centre of activity north of the river for the first thirty years, mainly because the stony ridges on this side of the River Brisbane were unsuitable for agriculture, and the first settlers took up available fertile land nearer to Ipswich on the Kholo peninsula in a loop of the river.  In 1879 the first pumped water supply in Queensland was established at Kholo. The area to the east of Kholo became known as Mount Crosby about 1881 when a post office opened there.  The name  was given to the local peak, but the origin of the name is undecided.  Several of the original settlers are said to have come from the Scottish village of Crosbie-on-Eden, but the name is more likely to have come from a gold prospector, George Crosby.  Since the soil was poor the prospects for the Mount Crosby area were bleak.  However, by the mid-1880s Brisbane’s urban growth was outstripping its existing water supplies.  The Water Board then decided to pump water from the Brisbane River to a reservoir at Mount Crosby.  In 1890 a company town was built, and the Mount Crosby Pumping Station began operations in 1892.  The influx of works personnel soon reduced Kholo to a backwater, and Mount Crosby became the main centre north of the river.  Pumping engine at the Mount Crosby waterworks, 1892 The pumping station became the main employer for a hundred years, and by the 1970s there was little farming being practised.  In 1986 a new water treatment plant was opened at Chuwar on the other bank of the river, and this led to the Mount Crosby waterworks closing in 1992.  Most of the company houses were offered for freehold sale.  By this date the mobility of commuters made living at Mount Crosby a practical proposition, and in the 1990s it became an attractive rural residential suburb for Brisbane.   The area east of Colleges Crossing remained part of Mount Crosby.  In 1973 this land was released for residential development, and was named Karana at the suggestion of a real estate developer.  This is an Aboriginal word meaning ‘Pretty place beside the water’.  In 1975 the new locality was separated from Mount Crosby and officially renamed Karana Downs.  It became a semi-rural, leafy suburb for commuters from Brisbane.  The Karana Downs Country Club and 18 hole golf course (later renamed the Brisbane International Golf Centre) became a major attraction of this development. Chuwar extends north into a horseshoe bend of the Brisbane River but is entirely south of the river.  However, in 2000 Chuwar was divided along Blackwall Road and the northern part was transferred to the city of Brisbane.  Since the major installations of the Westbank water treatment plant and the Blackwall electricity substation were located there in the 1980s to meet the increasing demands of Brisbane, it was felt that this area should come under the administration of that city, despite being south of the River Brisbane.   Warrill View, Mutdapilly, Mount Walker, Coleyville, Rosevale, & parts of Harrisville 1995-2000: After the merger with the Shire of Moreton in 1995, the southernmost part of the City of Ipswich now contained a large agricultural area of isolated homesteads in the headwater valleys of the River Bremer tributaries of Western Creek and Warrill Creek.  This area had more in common with the adjacent Shire of Boonah to its south than with the farming settlements and urban areas to the north around Ipswich.  Moreover, the two adjacent districts had once been united, but were divided in 1949.  In 1879 these communities were part of the Mutdapilly Division and from 1904 they became part of Normanby Shire.  In 1949 the latter shire was divided between the Shire of Moreton and Shire of Boonah.  In 1995 Moreton was merged with the City of Ipswich, but in March 2000 these communities were transferred to the Shire of Boonah (now the Scenic Rim Region), thus reuniting this area of isolated farmsteads within the one shire. Capt. Patrick Logan, the commandant of the Moreton Bay Penal Colony, was the first European to explore this region in 1827.  The Aboriginal name for the main river was retained by the incoming Europeans: Warrill, meaning “water” in the Yuggera language.  The land either side of Warrill Creek was first settled by pastoralists during the “Rosebrook run” of the 1840s.  George Edmondstone, later mayor of Brisbane, who was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, took up Warrill Creek Station near present-day Warrill View on the Cunningham Highway in 1840.  He sold out early in 1842 to Donald Macintyre who built a homestead there.  This was sold in turn to George Thorn, the “Father of Ipswich” (see Ipswich, Queensland  page), in 1845.   The present six-bedroom homestead overlooking Warroolaba Creek was built by Thorn in 1867, and it was later named Normanby by George Thorn, probably as a compliment to the second Marquess of Normanby, who was Governor of Queensland from 1871 to 1874.  It is now a Heritage site as one of Queensland’s earliest pastoral farms.  In 1860 the Crown surveyed 11,000 acres to be set aside for farming settlement and gave it the official name of the Ipswich Agricultural Reserve.  The main purpose of the Reserve at the time was to make the most of the world wide shortage of cotton during the American Civil War.  In the 1860s the Ipswich Agricultural Reserve around the Warrill Creek was subdivided for farms.  The small settlement that developed at Warrill Creek in the 1870s took the name Normanby from the nearby homestead, and the surrounding area became known as Normanby Plains.  In 1879 the Divisional structure of local government was established in Queensland and the Ipswich Agricultural Reserve was formally ended, and the area became part of the Mutdapilly Division.  In 1890 a further rearrangement of local government established Normanby Division, later Normanby Shire, and until 1904 its administrative centre was at Mutdapilly.  As a consequence of being the early centre of the shire, this latter settlement was often unofficially also referred to as Normanby.  To avoid confusion in having two nearby places using the same name, the Queensland government changed the name of the earlier Normanby to Warrill View in August 1931. Mutdapilly is a rural village on the Cunningham Highway 12 miles (20 km) south of Ipswich.  The name was first recorded in 1827 by Capt. Logan and derives from an Aboriginal expression describing a sticky or muddy gully.  The locality was subdivided for farms in the late 1860s and many German Lutherans settled west of Mutdapilly, as evidenced by the names of a number of local roads (Goebels, Hartwigs, Gimpels, Koskies, Kruger, and Hendricks).  The population has declined from 1,500 in 1881 to around 600 in 2006.  In 1874 the Normanby Plains primary school was opened at Mutdapilly, and from 1879 the village was the centre for the newly formed Mutdapilly Division.  In 1890 this Division was divided and Normanby Division came into being, but the offices of that administrative division remained in Mutdapilly village until 1904, hence the village was unofficially referred to as Normanby.  In 1904 another reorganisation created a larger Normanby Shire which included the village and most of Mutdapilly Division, with Harrisville becoming the new administrative centre.  Next year (1905) what remained of Mutdapilly Division was united to Rosewood to become Rosewood Shire.  The Mutdapilly Division’s original area was 269 sq miles (697 sq km), but by the time it was merged with Rosewood Shire its area had been almost halved.  The village had lost its status as the centre for administration, and the loss of its northern parts to Rosewood made this area more inclined towards the pastoral Shire of Boonah in the south.    Mount Walker is a peak and an isolated community of homesteads to the west of Warrill View along the Warrill View-Rosewood Road.  In 1824 Oxley named it Mount Forbes, after the Chief Justice of New South Wales.  It was renamed after a shepherd named Walker, who was employed by Henry Mort of Franklyn Vale.  The area became populated after 1862.  From 1884 it became the focal point for the German Baptist churches, although the German communities later moved further south to Engelsburg (now Kalbar).  The reorganisation of the administrative units in 1904-05 saw the loss of much of the territory to the new Rosewood Shire (where Lower Mount Walker and Mount Walker West still remain in the City of Ipswich), while Mount Walker itself stayed with Normanby Shire. Coleyville, just to the west of Warrill View, was named after early settlers Philomen and Sylvia Coley who came from Halesowen, England, in 1866. Rosevale is a rural village 25 miles (40 km) south-west of Ipswich and 15 miles (25 km) north-west of Boonah on the Western Creek tributary of the Bremer River.  It was originally called Rossvale after a pastoralist named Ross who grazed stock there between 1847 and 1853.  Situated in a relatively remote valley in the foothills south of Grandchester, Rosevale was the furthermost part of the City of Ipswich.  It was settled for farm purposes at an early date, mainly for dairy products.      The rest of Harrisville & Peak Crossing 1995-2008: When the southernmost communities of Ipswich were transferred in 2000, the townships of Harrisville and Peak Crossing, in the eastern portion, remained with the City of Ipswich.  In 2007 the Local Government Reform Commission identified a rural community of common interest, and recommended that a new local government area, known as the Scenic Rim Region, be established from the Shire of Boonah, the southern rural part of the Shire of Beaudesert, and Harrisville with Peak Crossing from the City of Ipswich.  This new authority was officially established in March 2008.   Harrisville is a rural town of about 400 people, 15 miles (25 km) south of Ipswich, located on the Warrill Creek.  The original land use by Europeans in this area was for sheep farming, and about 1851 the Mount Flinders Sheep Station was established in the vicinity of present-day Harrisville.  In 1860 the Ipswich Agricultural Reserve was established, and in 1863 Robert Dunn selected a block of land on the former sheep station, and this was the real beginnings of today’s settlement.  A short time later the brothers George and John Harris, shipping merchants in Brisbane, set up a cotton gin (a machine to separate seed from cotton) on the corner of John Dunn’s land.  George Harris had married the daughter of George Thorn, the “Father of Ipswich”, so he was well connected.  Other businesses established themselves near to the Harris gin and, at the suggestion of Robert Dunn’s daughter, the embryonic settlement was named Harristown.  Since there was already a Harristown near Toowoomba, this was changed to Harrisville.   With the end of the American Civil War in 1865 the demand for Australian cotton collapsed and the gin closed, but a small amount of business continued around the site.  A permanent urban settlement developed after a hotel was built in 1875, and the opening of a branch railway line from Ipswich in 1882 placed the surrounding farm community in contact with its markets.  Harrisville now became the main centre for this part of Queensland, and in 1904 it became the administrative centre of Normanby Shire.  The Harris brothers had also given their name to another settlement built around one of their cotton stores.  This was Harrisborough in the Brisbane Valley to the north of Marburg.  To avoid confusion between the two places, Harrisborough changed its name to Fernvale in 1879.  This latter area would remain associated with Ipswich as part of the Shire of Moreton until 1995, when it was transferred to the Shire of Esk.  Like many other rural localities, Harrisville has seen services disappear with the closure of the railway, hospital and other facilities, and there has been a decline in its population.  Nevertheless, the small town still retains a strong sense of identity as the centre of this agricultural community. Peak Crossing is a rural village 12 miles (20 km) south of Ipswich, and just to the north of Harrisville.  In 1799 the explorer Matthew Flinders marked a peak on his map which he called High Peak.  When John Oxley came this way in 1824 he renamed it Flinders Peak.  However, it was referred to locally as Peak Mountain.  The present village is 5 miles (9 km) west of Flinders Peak.  The first property held by Europeans in the area was known as Peak Mountain Sheep Station.  This was held by W.Wilson and later by William Winks from 1859.  In 1863 this area was turned over for cotton production and a settlement grew up at a crossing point over the Purga Creek.  This at first took the same name (Purga Creek), but it was renamed Peak Mountain in 1879 and Peak Crossing in 1929.  In 1931 it was declared a town. In 1882 the railway to Harrisville was opened with a stop at Peak Mountain.  This enabled the agricultural produce to be transported rapidly to Ipswich and Brisbane.  To the south of Peak Crossing a limestone outcrop was discovered in the early 1890s; mining soon followed, and continues today.  The mining village of Limestone Ridges was established nearby in the late 1890s.  Just outside Peak Crossing the Flinders Dolomite Mine was opened in 1962, and is still a major contributor to the local economy.  However, Peak Crossing remains substantially the hub of prime agricultural land, and the farming community felt that it had little in common with the larger communities to the north, hence its wish to become part of the new local government area.  Top of Page What Might Have Been: The Proposal for a Greater Ipswich, England in the 1960s  This section is not concerned with a place formerly called Ipswich, but is more of a ‘what if?’ situation, inasmuch as it deals with the proposed, but ultimately aborted, plans to develop Ipswich, England into a far larger urban centre than the town we know today.   During the early 1960s, proposals were made to considerably expand Ipswich’s population, & therefore its size, to form a ‘Greater Ipswich’ with city status. The scheme, which was put forward by the British government of the day, recognized Ipswich’s economic development potential & its importance as a port, as well as envisaging  the town being part of a wider project to provide extra housing requirements for the London overspill population. If the proposals had come to fruition, Ipswich’s population would have risen to 250,000 by the mid 1980s, with further developments doubling this figure to half a million by the year 2000. Two contrasting plans for the layout of this new ‘Greater Ipswich’ were proposed. The first, mooted in L G Vincent’s theoretical study of 1961, envisaged what was called a ‘linear city’; an unbroken urban corridor stretching from Hadleigh in the west to Felixstowe in the east (a distance of over 20 miles). This proposal was superseded in 1965, however, when the planners Shankland, Cox & Associates, who had been appointed by the Ministry of Housing & Local Government, put forward their proposal to increase the size of Ipswich from 16 to 36 square miles. Unlike the first proposal, this would have seen a more circular expansion, with several villages to the west of Ipswich being incorporated into the borough. This would have created two new urban areas; a northerly one around the villages of Bramford & Sproughton, with the other, to the south, stretching from Copdock to Wherstead via Belstead. Each of these new urban centres were envisaged to eventually provide housing for over 50,000 people, with a further 30,000 also being housed in new developments within the existing borough. (The area to the east of Ipswich was not included in the scheme, as it was felt that this area of mainly heathland stretching to the coast should be spared for recreational activities & conservational reasons). Further afield, the areas to the northwest of Ipswich around Needham Market & Stowmarket were also earmarked for expansion, with developments for up to another 100,000 inhabitants being suggested. As well as housing, the planner’s proposals included; new motorways running from Felixstowe, via Ipswich, to London, the Midlands & the North of England; the expansion of Ipswich Airport; a bridge over the Orwell estuary linking Felixstowe with Harwich;  a barrage on the estuary to create a freshwater lake; & the complete rebuilding of the town centre (work on this last project did commence, with the building of Civic Drive & the concrete monstrosity that was the Greyfriars complex).  This proposal was met with enthusiasm in some quarters, & with dismay, anger & protestation in others. Ipswich Borough Council was in favour, as were the majority of the population of Ipswich (who took part in a special opinion poll). East Suffolk County Council also initially supported the scheme. The main opposition came from the rural District Councils that would have been affected by the plans, together with the local farming community. These protests eventually saw East Suffolk County Council withdrawing its support. Discussions & deliberations on how the project was to be funded dragged on into 1968, with Ipswich Borough Council being unhappy about how much of the financial cost they would have to meet. Finally, in July 1969, the government announced its decision not to proceed with the expansion, much to the delight of the rural lobby.  A missed opportunity or a lucky escape?  Now, as then, opinions are divided, & we will never know conclusively one way or the other.  The economic growth, not to mention the added prestige that comes with city status, suggests that Ipswich may have missed out. On the other side of the coin, the soul-less nature of other so called London overspill ‘new towns’, together with the social problems endemic to larger urban centres, are not things to be envied.  Top of Page

Located at 54° 8’ 60” S  73° 19’ 0” W  the Islas Ipswich are a group of uninhabited islands in the Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena in the extreme south of Chile, close to Tierra Del Fuego. They are situated just to the south of Islas Grafton, and comprise one high island named Ipswich Island, with a number of islets and rocks between that island and the larger Isla Grafton. How to get there:-  No regular transport service exists to these remote islands. The only practical way to get there is to hire a boat.  Nearest airport is Punta Arenas Ibanez.  Time Zone: Chile Standard Time (GMT -4 hrs).  Daylight saving time in summer + 1 hr. Order of contents on this page: (Click on the links below) Derivation of Name Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena Derivation of Name  The islands were first surveyed & named between November 1829 and January 1830 by Capt. Robert FitzRoy in HMS Beagle . FitzRoy was born at Ampton in Suffolk, England in 1805 & was the grandson of the 3rd Duke of Grafton, hence the name of the nearby Islas Grafton (Viscount Ipswich is the subsidiary title of the eldest sons of the Duke of Grafton. See Viscount Ipswich  section on the Ips Misc. page). FitzRoy was also captain of HMS Beagle  on Charles Darwin's famous five year voyage from 1831-1836. He rose to the rank of Vice Admiral &, in 1843, became Governor of New Zealand. He later returned to England & died in 1865.  (See also Suffolk, England page on  www.planetsuffolk.com   for a more detailed biography of Robert FitzRoy) Ipswich Island was visited on 11 January 1830 and this account is given in the narrative of the journey: “Landing was dangerous and ascending the hill extremely difficult, on account of thick tangled brushwood which grows about three or four feet high on every part of the east side and is so matted together as to be almost impenetrable.” ( Voyages of the Adventure & Beagle , Volume 1)  Detail from “The Strait of Magalhaens” from Voyages of the Adventure & Beagle  Vol.1     Numerous others islands in the archipelago were also first surveyed by nineteenth century British explorers, hence the English sounding names of many in the vicinity.  Some of these names have been changed by the Chilean government and may not be the same as on older Admiralty charts.  Islas Grafton was originally extended to the larger group of islands, and the main island used to be called Isla Carlos, but is now Isla Grafton.                                                                                                 Top of Page Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena  The region in which the Islas Ipswich are situated is the Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena, which literally translates as Magellanland & Chilean Antarctic. The region is named after the Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan whose expedition of 1519 to 1522, was the first to sail from the Atlantic into, then across, the Pacific. It is the most southerly region of Chile & covers the western part of Tierra Del Fuego, part of Chilean Patagonia & Chile’s Antarctic territories, as well as hundreds of islands along the pacific coast of South America. Cape Horn & the Strait of Magellan are in this region, as well as the Torres del Paine National Park. It is Chile’s largest region, but one of the countries least populated areas, being an area of inhospitable mountains, glaciers, fjords & islands.  It became a province in 1929 & in 1961 the present boundaries were established. In 1974 it became a region with its capital at Punta Arenas.  Marine fauna includes the blue whale, the southern right whale & the killer whale or orca. Elephant seals, southern fur seals, South American sea lions & leopard seals can be found here, as well as three species of penguin: the rockhopper, the macaroni & the Magellanic (see photo,above). Nine species of albatross can be found in southern Chilean waters, including the wandering, the gray-headed & the sooty. Also present are numerous species of shearwaters, petrels & storm petrels. Top of Page

This Ipswich is located at 18° 13’ 0” N  76° 42’ 0” W, approximately four miles inland from Buff Bay on Jamaica’s north coast.  Population:- Unknown.  As this community is made up of only a few scattered houses, the figure is likely to be very low. How to get there:-  By road: Ipswich is to the west of the B1 which runs from Kingston in the south to Buff Bay in the north. No rail service.  Nearest airport is Norman Manley International, Kingston.  Time Zone: Eastern Standard Time (GMT -5 hrs).  No daylight saving time in summer.   Order of contents on this page: (Click on the links below) Early Settlement & Derivation of Name Portland Parish Early Settlement & Derivation of Name   There is documentary evidence that this small plantation estate was known as Ipswich in 1828, under proprietor T B Bloomfield. Six years before this, in 1822, the land was held by Ann N Murray as a small holding with 3 or 4 slaves. It would appear that she married Bloomfield, as in 1840 the estate was held by Ann Bloomfield, presumably after the death of her husband. By this time the estate had grown to 52 acres. By 1845, however, the estate had been sold. At around this time, the Murray family from Ipswich, England held several other estates in eastern Jamaica. Henry Murray, who was a major in the Suffolk Militia, his brother Charles & sister Anna are all recorded as holding estates in the early to mid nineteenth century. Anna is known to have been proprietor of River View Estate in the 1830s. There is no conclusive proof that Ann N Murray & Anna Murray are the same person. Nor that Ann was related to the Murray family from Ipswich, England. If she was, however, it would explain the reason for the plantation being called Ipswich. When the Jamaican parish system was established in 1664, the land that was to become Ipswich was in St. George parish. In 1723 Portland parish was created from parts of adjacent St Thomas-in-the-East and parts of St George, being named after the Duke of Portland who was Governor of Jamaica from 1722 to 1726. Ipswich remained part of St. George parish until 1866 however, when that parish was absorbed into Portland. Top of Page   Portland Parish  With the town of Port Antonio as its capital, Portland parish in north east Jamaica is a largely rural area with a population of 82,183 (2012). To the south lies St Thomas Parish, whilst St Mary & St Andrew Parishes are located to the west & south west respectively. In the south of Portland are the Blue Mountains, while the coast has many superb beaches, as well as numerous caves, bays & waterfalls. Large rivers include the Rio Grande & the Buff Bay. Agriculture is the main industry due to the fertile soil of its coastal areas; a result of Portland having the highest rainfall of any Jamaican parish. The main crops produced are bananas, coconuts, mangoes, breadfruit & coffee. As well as its many fine beaches such as Dragon Bay & Frenchman’s Cove, other tourist attractions include the Blue Mountains, which rise to over 7,000 feet, & the Blue Lagoon, an almost landlocked extinct volcano crater. Top of Page

Ipswich is located in the Rural Municipality of Strathclair in the province of Manitoba, Canada at 50° 24’ 0” N 100° 24’ 0” W. As well as Ipswich & Strathclair, the municipality also includes the communities of Elphinstone, Menzie, Elgin, Wisla, Glossop, Glenforsa, Salt Lake, Green Bluff, Wolf Creek & Penrith. Up until 1890, Strathclair was in Minnedosa County. However, in that year the county system was abolished in Manitoba. Population:- No separate figures exist for Ipswich. Strathclair’s population in the 2016 census was 709. How to get there:- By road: Trans Canada Highway 16, also known as the Yellowhead Highway, runs east to west through the Rural Municipality of Strathclair to Shoal Lake. From Winnipeg take Trans Canada Highway 1 west, then Trans Canada Highway 16. From Brandon take Provincial Highway 10 north, then Trans Canada Highway 16 west. By rail: The Canadian Pacific Railway runs through the Rural Municipality of Strathclair westwards to Shoal Lake, closely following the route of Trans Canada Highway 16.  Manitoba’s largest airport is Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International. Time Zone: Central Standard Time (GMT -6 hrs).  Daylight saving time in summer + 1 hr.   Order of contents on this page: (Click on the links below) Pre-European Settlement Early Settlement & Derivation of Name The Rural Municipality of Strathclair Pre-European Settlement  The prairie land around Ipswich did not see any permanent settlements in the preEuropean period.  However, there is some evidence that early hunter-gatherers crossed the prairies some 6,000 years ago.  Running east-west to the south of Ipswich was the ancient Carlton Trail, which was a migration path for these early hunters.  Many artifacts of these early periods have been unearthed at Shoal Lake, four miles to the west of Ipswich.   The nomadic Assiniboine (Nakota) tribe was probably the first to inhabit Manitoba, arriving in the early 17th century.  In southern Manitoba they later came into contact with the Cree, with whom they became allied. To the native people, the wooded uplands around Riding Mountain to the north of the Ipswich-Strathclair area were the favourite hunting and fishing grounds. By 1740 the Cree were the dominant tribe in the area and had settled permanently at Riding Mountain. The Assiniboine basically remained Plains Indians following a nomadic lifestyle on the prairies. The Assiniboine in particular were devastated by a great small-pox epidemic in 1781, and by the end of the 18th century another tribe, the Saulteaux or Salteaux, had moved in to take their place as partners of the Cree. They are better known today as Ojibwe or Chippewa, although the people call themselves Anishinaabe or Anihšinape meaning “original people”. Through their friendship with French traders they were able to procure guns and this gave them the advantage in their conflicts with the Sioux and Fox tribes to their west and south. As a result, by the end of the 18th century the Anishinaabe were the almost unchallenged owners of nearly all of the present Michigan, northern Wisconsin and Minnesota, westward to North Dakota, together with the entire northern shores of Lakes Huron and Superior. The pressure from the Europeans coming into this part of the Great Lakes gradually pushed the tribe westwards into Manitoba, during the late 18th  & early 19th centuries. Among them was a clan of mixed blood, the head of which had been given the French name of Michel Cardinal, but who is better known by his native name of Okanase or Oukannaysic (Little Bones).  He was of mixed Saulteaux, Cree and Scots descent. The Okanase band of Cree-Saulteaux natives roamed the area south of Riding Mountain including the Strathclair-Ipswich region, which was known as “Naowawgunwodju”; this translates as the “Hill of the Buffalo Chase”.  When Okanase died, his son, Mekis the Eagle, became chief and his was the name attached to the treaty ceding the native lands to the Dominion of Canada.    The first Europeans to visit the area regularly were fur traders in the 1740s.  However, it was not until 1858 when the area was surveyed that its full potential as an agricultural region was recognized. In1867 the creation of the Dominion of Canada opened up the possibility that there would be the need for westward expansion of European settlement.  At this time the Strathclair-Ipswich area was still part of the territory of the Hudson’s Bay Company, until it was sold to Canada in 1870.  In order to obtain title to these lands, the Canadian government proceeded with a series of treaties with the native peoples.  In exchange for a surrender of their rights and title to these lands, the First Nations were given a smaller parcel of land as a reserve, and certain rights to continue to hunt, trap and fish on the land surrendered.  Treaty No. 2, signed on 21 August 1871, covered today’s southwest Manitoba and the area of Strathclair and Ipswich, which thus came to Canada.  On the death of Mekis the Eagle in 1874, his half-brother, Keeseekoowenin (Sky Chief), took over and this is the name by which the band is known today.  The “Keeseekoowenin First Nation Reserve” is adjacent to Elphinstone, to the north of Ipswich. Top of Page Early Settlement & Derivation of Name  Ipswich Siding was established around the year 1910 by the Canadian Pacific Railway on the farm that was at the time owned by the Stevenson brothers. According to ‘Our Story’ published by the Rural Municipality of Strathclair in 1970, with an updated version in 1984, the name derived from the fact that the brothers were originally from Ipswich, Suffolk, England. Ipswich is first noted on a map of 1911. Charles Stuart Stevenson, usually known as Stuart, was born in 1876 & emigrated to Canada in 1897 (not 1887 as ‘Our Story’ states, as he is still shown on the 1891 census as being in England. The Canadian census of 1901 gives the correct date of 1897). Initially he stayed with his aunt & uncle, Daniel & Sarah Turner, who lived in Strathclair, having emigrated in 1881 from Wix near Manningtree, Essex, which is around ten miles south of Ipswich. Three years later, in 1900, his brother Alfred Harrold, (with two r’s) known as Harold & born in 1879, joined him. Two other brothers, Robert & Reginald, also emigrated to Strathclair. In 1903 Harold bought the land that was to become Ipswich, later building a house there. The UK census records for 1881 & 1891, however, disprove the theory that the Stevenson’s were from Ipswich, Suffolk. In 1881, the family is shown as living in Bitteswell in Leicestershire, where the brothers had been born. Ten years later, they are shown as living in Aldham, Essex, which is approximately five miles west of Colchester & more than twenty miles south west of Ipswich. (This Aldham is not to be confused with Aldham in Suffolk, which is eight miles west of Ipswich). Why they should choose to name their new home Ipswich, rather than Aldham or Colchester is not clear. However, the brothers may have worked and lived in Ipswich for a few years after 1891, since they obviously considered it to be their home town. Around 1911 the first grain elevator was built at Ipswich Siding. This was sold to the Pool Elevator Association in 1963.  In 1928, after the formation of the Ipswich Co-op Elevator Association, another elevator was built to the west of the first. Other buildings were also constructed at around this time. This elevator closed in December 1975 & has since been demolished. Ipswich Siding has been recognised as an Historic Site of Manitoba by the Manitoba Historical Society and a monument was erected alongside Highway 16 in 2012 to commemorate this. Top of Page Rural Municipality of Strathclair  The Rural Municipality of Strathclair, of which Ipswich is a part, is located in the northern part of Westman region, which itself is in the southwest of the province of Manitoba. Strathclair is adjacent to six other rural municipalities, namely: Park (South), Shoal Lake, Blanshard, Hamotia, Saskatchewan & Harrison. In the nineteenth century, the area was part of Minnedosa County. However, the county system was abolished in Manitoba in 1890.  Strathclair is approximately 58 miles from Brandon, the second largest city in the province. During the mid to late nineteenth century, large numbers of colonists, many of Scottish descent, took the newly opened wagon trails to the area & settled in the region. The original settlement of Strathclair was five miles to the north on the Little Saskatchewan River.  When the Manitoba & North Western Railway crossed the prairie to the so uth in 1882 the town relocated to its present position, and in 1883 the Rural Municipality of Strathclair came into being, with the first council meeting taking place in January of the following year. The name Strathclair was chosen from the Scottish Gaelic word 'Strath', meaning valley, with ‘Clair’ being a tribute to the area surveyor at the time, one Duncan Sinclair. Agriculture is the largest industry in the municipality, with grain production & mixed farming providing the major commerce. Tourist attractions in the general vicinity include: Salt Lake & Thomas Lake, which are favourites for camping, fishing, swimming & water skiing,  the Valley Trail on the Saskatchewan River, which is a popular venue for hiking, horse riding & cross country skiing, & the Riding Mountain National Park, which rises from the surrounding prairie & provides protection for a wide variety of flora & fauna. Top of Page

Located at 36° 8’ N  76° 6’ W to the north of the Nansemond Parkway and west of the Commonwealth Railroad and County Road 626 (also known as Shoulders Hill Road) in the housing development of Suffolk Meadows.   How to get there:-  By Road: From the City of Suffolk, take State Route 642/Wilroy Road northeas999twards, before turning onto State Highway 337/Nansemond Parkway. After about 5 miles, turn left onto Suffolk Meadows Boulevard.  From Portsmouth & the east, take State Highway 337/Portsmouth Boulevard westwards, before turning right into Suffolk Meadows Boulevard. By Rail: A passenger rail servic e is provided by Amtrak from Newport News to Suffolk. The nearest international airports are Norfolk International & Newport News/Williamsburg International. Time Zone: Eastern Standard Time (GMT -5 hrs).  Daylight saving time in summer + 1 hr.   Order of contents on this page: (Click on the links below) History & Derivation of Name History & Derivation of Name  Lake Ipswich is a man-made lake resulting from earth removal that was used for the Nansemond Parkway intersection in the 1980s and embankments to the railroad built in 1989 (the technical term is a “borrow pit”). It was developed as a recreational facility for the community of Suffolk Meadows situated in the rural countryside of the City of Suffolk.  The lake is located between two headwaters of the Quaker Neck Creek which is itself a headwater of Bennett’s Creek, a 7.3 mile (11.7 km) long tributary of the Nansemond River.  To the north of the lake is a small retention pond built three feet above the surface of the lake to alleviate flooding from the two headwaters by allowing run-off into Lake Ipswich. In 1997 two property developers, John W Iuliano III and Emil A Wiola, acquired the farmland and woods and over the next six years built a 240 dwelling community called Suffolk Meadows.  Situated in the City of Suffolk, the name adopted for this community is self-explanatory.  The name given to the lake reflects the association of Ipswich, the county town of the historic county in England, with the name Suffolk.  The residents formed a homeowners’ association which took over responsibility for the community and the lake.  Although the depth and underwater contours are undetermined, the Department of Mines and Minerals of the City of Suffolk has assured that the borrow pit was returned to “an acceptable state” by the developer, and that there is a natural outflow and discharge to the streams either side of the lake 13 feet down.  There is no public access to the lake.  Fishing is allowed from the lake sidelines for residents and friends, but not from a boat.  Entering the lake (for swimming) is prohibited. For details of the City of Suffolk  & Suffolk Meadows , see the Suffolk, Virginia page on Planet Ipswich’s sister site www.planetsuffolk.com Top of Page

Ipswich, or Ipswich Townvillas, is a subdivision located in the Indian River community of the City of Chesapeake in the South Hampton Roads area of south east Virginia.  It is situated in the southern part of Indian Rivers adjacent to the Indian River Park recreational facility which is to the northeast of Ipswich, with the Hampton Roads Beltway forming its southern boundary (in Europe, the term “ring road” or “orbital motorway” is used).  Ipswich  comprises 268  houses in 21 individual roads, each road being a cul-de-sac ending in a circle.     Population:-  The population at the 2010 census was 219. The population of Chesapeake in 2020 was 249,422. How to get there:- By Road: From Richmond & the north, take Interstate Highway 64, via Newport News & Hampton, to Chesapeake, before turning north at the intersection with Greenbriar Parkway. From there turn right onto US Highway 13, before turning right again into Paramont Avenue. From the south, take Chesapeake Expressway/State Highway 168 northwards, before joining Interstate Highway 64 eastbound to the intersection with Greenbriar Parkway.  From there, take route as above. From Suffolk & the west, take US Highway 13/460 eastbound. Turn onto Interstate Highway 664 before merging with Interstate Highway 64. Turn northwards at the intersection with Greenbriar Parkway & follow route as above. By Rail: There is currently no passenger rail service to Chesapeake. The nearest international airport is Norfolk International, around 9 miles north of Ipswich. Chesapeake Regional Airport is located approximately 14 miles to the south.   Time Zone: Eastern Standard Time (GMT -5 hrs).  Daylight saving time in summer + 1 hr.    Order of contents on this page: (Click on the links below) Pre-European Settlement History & Derivation of Name Indian River Park & Ipswich Mountain Bike Trail  Norfolk County & City of Chesapeake  The Battle of Great Bridge      Pre-European Settlement  The Chesepian or Chesapeake were an Algonquian-speaking Native American tribe who inhabited what is now the South Hampton Roads area of Virginia (the cities of Norfolk, Portsmouth, Chesapeake, and Virginia Beach).  The word “Chesapeake” comes from the Algonquin Indian “K’che-se-piak” meaning “Mother of Waters”.  However, in 1607 when the first European colonists arrived there were no Chesapeake to meet them.  However, there were established Algonquin settlements of the Powhatan Confederacy. The Chesapeake had been completely wiped out by the Powhatan, a Confederacy of 30 tribes, a couple of years before the arrival of the English at Jamestown in 1607.  Powhatan was the name given by the English to the chief of the Nansemond tribe around Jamestown, further west from the Chesapeake.  Powhatan’s priests had received a prophecy that “from the shores of the Chesapeake Bay a nation would arise which would destroy his empire, and end the Native American way of life.”  At the time there was only one group fitting that description, the small, peaceful Chesapeake tribe of 300 to 400 members who lived near the mouth of the Bay.  They seemed an unlikely source of trouble.  Nevertheless, Powhatan took heed of the prophecy and he acted.  The entire Chesapeake tribe, every man, woman and child, was killed by the Powhatans.  After eliminating the original Chesapeake tribe, other tribes of the Confederacy occupied their lands and villages, and assumed the tribal name as the name for this territory. The new nation of white men duly arrived and by 1646 the Powhatan Confederacy was no more.  The Native Americans were forcefully dispersed by the colonial authorities, and died from the diseases brought by the settlers.  By 1669 they had entirely disappeared from the area as a distinct people. Top of Page History & Derivation of Name  The Indian River is a 4.8 mile (7.7 km) long southern tributary of the Eastern Branch of the Elizabeth River which runs into the wide estuary of Hampton Roads.  It is primarily a tidal river fed by a small creek that runs through the Indian River Park  (see separate section below).  Ipswich is situated adjacent to the upper part of the Indian River Park. The first English settlement in 1607 was at Jamestown, 35 miles (56 km) inland where it would be less susceptible to attacks by Spanish ships.  However, the excellent harbours around the estuary of Hampton Roads soon attracted the early settlers.  Because the land east of the Elizabeth River was the principal settlement of the Native Americans in the area, it was not until later that the territory  around Indian River was opened up for colonial settlement.  The earliest land grants were made in 1651 and these were mainly adjacent to the tidal part of the river since transport was only feasible by boat at that time.  It was not until 1667 that Henry Halstead, who was born in Lancashire, England, obtained a grant of 58 acres “at the head of Indian Creek”.   For the next 300 years, the land around where Ipswich is now located remained a rural area of planters and farmers.  Where the land had not been cleared it remained a predominantly woodland landscape, such as the Indian River Park.  There were no roads, only dirt tracks and strawberry fields.  In the 1880s the Norfolk Southern Railroad drove a line through the area, otherwise it was left untouched by the main thoroughfares.  The small dispersed farming community was known as Indian Creek until the late 19th century when Indian River became the usual name.  It was in the Washington District, later Washington Borough, of Norfolk County, Virginia, just east of South Norfolk. (see Norfolk County & City of Chesapeake section, below). It was only after 1910 that the Indian River community started to develop as a residential area serving the labour force of the factories and shipyards on the Elizabeth River.  Residential growth continued up to US Route 13, constructed in 1918.  However, the land where Ipswich is located was beyond that highway and remained isolated and untouched up until the 1960s.  In 1963 two events occurred that would affect the future development of this land.  First, the Hampton Roads Beltway (Interstate 64) was completed.  This ran just south of Indian Park and today forms the southern perimeter of Ipswich.  Secondly, the merger of Norfolk County and South Norfolk into the City of Chesapeake  (see below) allowed the new corporation to develop a comprehensive land use plan.  This recognised that the land between Route 13 and the Beltway should be reserved for future residential and service industry growth. The office and business park development north of the railroad track took place in the 1960s. With the railroad being abandoned in 1974 this released the remainder of the land primarily for residential use.  In 1977 construction of the Ipswich Townvillas began on what had previously been farmland.  This land had been purchased by Coleman Farms, Inc., an associate company of the Larrymore Organisation, a property developer based in Virginia Beach.  It was this organisation that gave the name Ipswich Townvillas to this development.  We have tried on several occasions to find out from the developer why this name was chosen, but our requests have met with no response. One theory, put forward by a local resident, is that the city planners decided to name subdivisions in this section of the city after British schools and colleges, such as Ipswich, Dorchester etc, although why they would choose these lesser known schools rather than the more prestigious Eton, Harrow, Cheltenham or Roedean is a mystery at present.  We are inclined to believe that the Larrymore Organisation named the location after Ipswich in Massachusetts.  It is in the public domain that the founder of this company in 1954 was Lawrence (Larry) J Goldrich (1922-2021) who came from Far Rockaway in the borough of Queens in New York City.  He enlisted in the US Army Air Force in 1942 and was posted overseas during World War II.  It is recorded that he saw action at the Battle of Tarawa in the Pacific (November 1943).  It could be that he was posted to the large US base close to Ipswich, Australia, and he may have chosen the name accordingly.  However, his nephew and the present President of the Larrymore Organisation, Ivan William (Bill) Berger, who joined the firm in 1973, was at the Boston University School of Management from 1965 to 1969.  His father was Leslie Berger, and a man of that name was resident at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in the 1940 US Census.  Cambridge is located just north of Boston, only 30 miles from Ipswich, MA.  If anybody has any further information that would indicate how the name came to be chosen, please contact us at info@planetipswich.com . Each individual road is a cul-de-sac designated a “Circle” and has been given a name of a location in England (with two exceptions in the names of Drake and Jersey, and a couple of variant spellings with Glouchester and Ilkly).  The roads run in alphabetic sequence from Alton to Warwick, with Q and V being omitted.  The development was built in two stages: from 1977 to 1981 along Paramont Avenue and from 1984 to 1989 along Eaton Way.  In total there are 21 roads (Circles) and 268 houses, with 18 acres of common area property.There are three distinct areas within the development.  The first is known as Ipswich along Paramont Avenue and comprises cedar-sided town houses (in Britain these are known as semi-detached or terraced houses), and they are found in: Alton, Bristol, Corby, Drake, Exeter, Farington, Glouchester, Hardwick, Ilkly, Jersey, Keswick, and Lydney.  The second area along Eaton Way, known as Chelsea Courts, comprises individual (detached) houses, found in: Moseley, Newstead, Orford and Penzance. The third area is Shannon’s Glen and includes Romsey, Seaton, Thames, Upton, and Warwick.  Each road name is followed by “Circle”.      The community initially had two homeowner associations to look after its interests with the outside world.  One was simply Ipswich Homeowners, the other is Ipswich Townvillas.  The Homeowners have now dissolved their organization but Ipswich Townvillas (incorporated on 2nd March 1977) is still active.  The main road that passes through the neighbourhood is Paramont Avenue.  The Ipswich Homeowners group is on one side of Paramont Avenue and the Ipswich Townvillas section is on the other.  Although the name for the subdistrict is officially Ipswich Townvillas, the local community refers to it as Ipswich Village or just Ipswich.  It is only a matter of time before officialdom follows public usage.  Top of Page Indian River Park & Ipswich Mountain Bike Trail  The non-tidal part of the Indian River winds through a creek in woodland.  This had little value as farming or plantation land, but at the end of the 19th century there was a movement towards preserving such areas as recreational parks for the nearby urban population.  By 1904 the City of Norfolk had acquired 100 acres and established a narrow park, several blocks long and a block wide - the Indian River Park.  Throughout the 20th century, this remained a piece of the City of Norfolk in Norfolk County.  As the urban spread encircled the park, it was expected that these communities would be annexed to the city.  However, in 1963 the surrounding areas voted to become part of the new City of Chesapeake  (see section below).  The City of Norfolk thus gained little benefit from owning this park and tried for several years to sell it.  Finally, in March 2001 the City of Chesapeake bought the Indian River Park from the City of Norfolk.    The park now comprises 91 acres located between Paramont and Rokeby Avenues, the last remaining green space in a community of residential subdivisions and business estates.  The park has a small recreational centre with a baseball field and a basketball court, but 70 acres remains in its natural setting of mature hardwoods and pines.   Although the park offers a place to walk and hike for the neighbouring communities, it is also renowned for the five mile Ipswich Mountain Bike Trail.  In the 1970s youths began using the park for “dirt jumping”.  Soon there were a series of bicycle trails threading through the trees with jumps, narrow bridges and obstacles for the use of BMX and mountain bike enthusiasts.  The area became commonly known as “Ipswich” from the home development that borders about half the park.  With its increasing popularity, and concern about the condition of some of the trails, this facility has now been given official recognition.  In 2010 the Eastern Virginia Mountain Bike Association (EVMA) adopted the trail and members have since been contributing to the maintenance of the park, and making the technical challenges safer.  It is now formally known as the Indian Park Mountain Bike Trail, although it is still referred to informally as “the Ipswich”. Top of Page Norfolk County & City of Chesapeake  Norfolk County originally encompassed what are now the cities of Norfolk, Portsmouth and Chesapeake.  One of the early settlers was Adam Thoroughgood (1604-1640) from King’s Lynn, Norfolk, England, who settled the area he called Lynnhaven (now part of Virginia Beach) in about 1622.  In 1624 Virginia became a royal colony and the territory was included in Elizabeth City, one of the original “ancient boroughs”.  In 1634 Virginia was divided into counties of which Elizabeth City Shire was one.  In 1636 the land on the south side of that county became New Norfolk County by order of King Charles I.  Adam Thoroughgood was now the leading citizen of the area and, according to long-standing tradition, he was responsible for naming the new county after his native Norfolk in England.  This area was divided again in 1637 into Upper and Lower Norfolk Counties.  Lower Norfolk County included the entire area now within the modern cities of Portsmouth, Norfolk, Chesapeake, and Virginia Beach.  Upper Norfolk County was renamed Nansemond County in 1646 (see Suffolk, Virginia page in www.planetsuffolk.com ).  In 1691 the western part of Lower Norfolk became Norfolk County when the eastern part was detached to become Princess Anne County.  After 1691 Norfolk County remained more or less intact for over 200 years. As far as the settlement of Norfolk County is concerned, this was only really possible after the final defeat of the Powhatan Confederacy in 1646 and the withdrawal of the Native Americans from these lands.  In the early years the area was settled as tobacco plantations and there were no towns. Plantation owners and small farmers were not interested in creating urban centres, and these did not become common in Virginia until the 1730s.  In 1636 the first grant of land on the site of the City of Norfolk was made to Thomas Willoughby.  In October 1680, the Virginian House of Burgesses established the “Towne of Lower Norfolk County”.  However, it was not until 16 August 1682 that the County purchased the land to build a storehouse for tobacco, and the new town became the county seat.  Norfolk Town remained the county seat until 1790.  It was created a borough by royal charter on 15 September 1736, and by 1775 Norfolk was considered the most prosperous town in Virginia.  It became a city in 1846, and in 1871 it was separated from Norfolk County.  The city has a long history as a strategic military and transportation point.  In 1917 the US Government established the Norfolk Naval Base here, and it is now the world’s largest such base. The Town of Berkley was located to the south of the City of Norfolk directly across the Eastern Branch of the Elizabeth River.  In 1644 and 1666 the Herbert family acquired land here.  By 1700 the community was called Powder Point because of a powder magazine situated there; the name changed to Ferry Point and then Herbertsville.  In 1790 the magisterial district for this part of Norfolk County was named Washington, one of the earliest places to be named after the first American President, and Herbertsville became the Town of Washington.  From 1790 to 1803 it was also the county seat.  In 1852 Lycurgus Berkley, a wealthy merchant, bought up most of the properties and developed the town, thus in 1890 it adopted his name.  In 1906 the Town of Berkley was annexed by the City of Norfolk.  However, the magisterial district of Washington continued as Washington Borough, covering those small communities that remained outside the town limits, such as Indian River and South Norfolk.      South Norfolk is further south of Berkley and west of Indian River. Throughout the colonial period and most of the 19th century, this area consisted mostly of individual farms and plantations. A small community developed after 1812 when Carter W Poindexter, who had been an admiral in the British Navy, settled in the area and invested in manufacturing industries.  When the railroads came through Norfolk County the industrial potential was realised and new businesses and houses appeared alongside the railroads.  At that time, the entire south side was considered part of Washington (now Berkley), and the area was regarded as its suburb.  The name of South Norfolk is said to have been coined by Reginald Poindexter in about 1889.  When Berkley was annexed to the City of Norfolk in 1906, South Norfolk remained separate as a flourishing community in Washington Borough.  In 1919 it was incorporated as a town, and in January 1921 it became an independent city separate from Norfolk County. After 1871 Norfolk County saw its area frequently reduced as “independent cities” broke away from the county, and these then added territory through annexations from the county.  In 1871 the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth left the county structure, although Portsmouth remained the county seat.  In 1921 South Norfolk was lost.  In the first half of the 20th century, the City of Norfolk expanded its boundaries through annexation.  In 1906 the city annexed Berkley, which stretched the city limits across the Elizabeth River, & other annexations took place in 1923.  By 1960 nearly the whole of the east side of the Elizabeth River had been lost.  On the other side of the river, West Norfolk (Churchland) was lost to Portsmouth.  The City of Norfolk sought to annex land from adjacent counties because property taxes from the annexed land would flow into the city’s bank account.  The smaller City of South Norfolk felt threatened as the City of Norfolk began encircling it through these annexations.  Since the residents of Norfolk County who lived on the outskirts of the City of Norfolk did not wish to be swallowed up by that city, Norfolk County and South Norfolk became allies.  In Virginia, independent cities are immune from annexation by each other, thus becoming an independent city was a method by which the county could stabilise its boundaries with its neighbours.  On 1st January 1963, after a referendum, the new City of Chesapeake was formed by a merger of Norfolk County and the City of South Norfolk.  The new name was chosen by the voters.  When this came into effect, Norfolk County ceased to exist.   The independent City of Chesapeake is located at 36°42’51”N 76°14’18” W.  The merger accounts for the extensive area and peculiar boundaries of the “city”.  It stretches all the way to the boundary with North Carolina in the south, and now partly embraces the City of Portsmouth on both western and eastern sides.  In Virginia it is adjacent to other independent cities on all sides: Suffolk to the west, Virginia Beach to the east, and Portsmouth and Norfolk in the harbour area of  Hampton Roads to the north.  In area it covers 340.7 square miles, making it the second largest independent city by land area in the state.  It is currently the third largest city in Virginia in terms of population.  Chesapeake actually has few urban areas but has many square miles of protected farmland, forests, and wetlands, including a substantial portion of the Great Dismal Swamp.  (see Suffolk, Virginia page on www.planetsuffolk.com ).  Top of Page The Battle of Great Bridge  Another urban community located in the independent city of Chesapeake is Great Bridge.  Its name is derived from the American Revolutionary War Battle of Great Bridge, which took place on 9 December 1775 and resulted in the final removal of the British from the Colony and Dominion of Virginia.  Near the end of the war, the Hudgins family moved to Great Bridge and established the first permanent settlement there. Although the battles of Lexington and Concord took place months earlier, and are historically more memorable, the Battle of Great Bridge can be seen as the first important colonial victory over the British.  In early November, the Governor of Virginia, John Murray, Lord Dunmore, called for all loyal subjects to help suppress the rebellion.  He established martial law, freeing slaves, and enlisting everybody capable of bearing arms.  By the middle of November, Dunmore’s forces numbered about three hundred men.  The town of Norfolk was a Tory centre.  Hundreds of newly emancipated slaves were put to work on the fortifications to hold back patriots until work could be finished.  A detachment of Redcoats was sent to build a stockade fort at Great Bridge, almost twenty miles from Norfolk.  Hastily constructed out of planks, rotting logs, and mounds of earth, “Fort Murray” became the focal point of the Revolution in Virginia during 1775.  Bordered on both sides by the Great Dismal Swamp, access to the bridge was only possible along narrow causeways.  The little stockade, therefore, posed a formidable threat to Virginia’s security, as it enabled the British to block the main road between Virginia and North Carolina. Virginia’s assembly ordered its troops to march on Norfolk.  Col. William Woodford led the 2nd Virginia Regiment toward the bridge.  After an initial British assault on the Rebel lines had been repulsed, the Redcoats, realising they were outnumbered, were forced to evacuate Fort Murray and withdraw to Norfolk.  Shortly thereafter, Norfolk Town was abandoned by Lord Dunmore, and the British retreated to navy ships in the harbour.  The Rebel army occupied Norfolk.  On 1st January 1776 Norfolk was partly destroyed in an action begun by Royal Navy ships, but completed by the Rebel troops that continued to loot and burn the former Tory stronghold.  Lord Dunmore then occupied Portsmouth in February 1776, and used it as a base for raiding operations until late March, when General Charles Lee forced him back to the fleet.  After further raiding operations in Chesapeake Bay, Dunmore and the British fleet left for New York City in August 1776.  The British failure to secure Virginia ensured that contact was maintained between the southern and northern states during the Revolutionary War.  Top of Page

Located in the township of Elk Grove, Ipswich is a small hamlet situated at 42° 70’ 7” N 90° 41’ 0” W in Lafayette County in the south west of Wisconsin. To the north west is the town of Platteville, which is just across the Grant County boundary. Population:- As it is not incorporated & has no legal boundaries, there are no population figures for Ipswich, Wisconsin, although as it comprises only a few scattered farmsteads, the number is likely to be very small. Elk Grove Township’s population in 2019 was 578. How to get there:- By road: From Milwaukee & the east take Interstate Highway 94 west to Madison, then US Highway 151 west to Platteville. If approaching Platteville from the north take US Highway 18, then State Highway 35, followed by State Highway 81. Once in Platteville,  take State Highway 80/81 south, turn east on College Farm Road, before turning south onto Ipswitch Road (with a 't'). There is no longer any rail service. Nearest major airports are General Mitchell International, Milwaukee, &  Minneapolis - St. Paul International. Time Zone: Central Standard Time (GMT -6 hrs).  Daylight saving time in summer + 1 hr.   Order of contents on this page: (Click on the links below) Pre-European Settlement Early Settlement & Derivation of Name President William McKinley Ipswich Prairie Lafayette County         Pre-European Settlement  The area around Ipswich was originally prairie land.  As such it was only used for hunting; the indigenous people in this part of America never made their homes on the prairies.  They lived in semi-permanent villages along the wooded river valleys in earth lodges, and had extensive cultivated fields where they grew corn, beans, squash, tobacco and other vegetable crops.   The first people to reach the land that is now Wisconsin were nomadic hunter-gatherers following the retreat of the glaciers c.11,000 years ago.  From about 500BC to AD900 the area was subsequently peopled by a succession of Woodland Culture natives who practiced agriculture as well as being hunter-gatherers, and whose burial mounds are still much in evidence in the counties surrounding Lafayette County.  In Wisconsin this is known as the Effigy Mound Culture because the mounds were shaped like deer, bear and other animals.   The Winnebago are Siouan-speakers and, therefore, must have migrated into Wisconsin from an original homeland in the southeast United States. The Winnebago call themselves the Hochungra (Ho-chunk) which means “people of the parent speech” or “grandfathers of the big voice”, and they are traditionally considered to be the “old speakers” of Siouan, referring to their role as one of the “mothertribes” of the original people from which other Siouan-speaking tribes sprang.  It appears that they may have been in this area by the 13th or 14th centuries. The name “Winnebago” is Algonquian & means “people of the stagnant water”; a reference to the algae-rich waters of the Fox River and Lake Winnebago where the tribe originally lived.   When the French met the Winnebago in 1634 they found them on Green Bay in eastern Wisconsin. From the 1630s onward there was an influx of numerous Algonquian tribes who were fleeing the problems caused by Iroquois Wars in the east.  The new people also brought with them European diseases which hit the Winnebago hard since they had previously been isolated and had no immunity from them.  As a result the population was reduced drastically to below 1,000 people.  Southwestern Wisconsin passed into the hands of the Illinois confederacy of tribes.   The land around what became Ipswich remained in the territory of the Illinois from the early 17th century until their defeat in 1769 by an alliance of northern tribes.  In the distribution of the Illinois territory in 1769 the Winnebago obtained a portion of northwest Illinois and southwest Wisconsin that was valued because of its lead deposits.  Thus, at the time the white settlers and miners arrived the territory was held by the Winnebago tribe.   In 1824 white encroachment onto the native lands to exploit the mineral wealth began in earnest in the southwest part of Wisconsin.  Needless to say, the miners disregarded the mineral rights of the Winnebago, and soon disputes arose as to where the miners had been granted permission to dig.  This culminated in the Winnebago War of 1827. Although loss in terms of lives was minimal, the Winnebago were forced to surrender about a third of their lands. In the definitive Treaty of Prairie du Chien in August 1829, the Winnebago ceded northwest Illinois and southwest Wisconsin to the United States.   As far as the area around Ipswich was concerned, the Winnebago War had no effect since the land was not then settled or being mined by white men.  The Black Hawk War of 1832 was more serious since the first few settlers had arrived by then.  A fort, called Fort De Seelhorst, was constructed at Elk Grove, just to the south of Ipswich.  The residents of the district took refuge there every night until the emergency was over.  Fortunately, Black Hawk’s band never came this way and no action was therefore seen.     In 1833 Wisconsin began the survey of “public lands”, and the lands around Ipswich were opened to settlement for farming in 1835.   Top of Page Early Settlement & Derivation of Name  When lead ore was discovered here in the 1820s the area became a major centre for mining.  Elk Grove was first settled around 1827, when a smelting furnace was established by the first permanent settler, a man named Collette, hence it was then called ‘Collette’s Grove’.  By 1835, however, the ore had been exhausted and the furnace shut down.  That year a tavern was built where the present village is located and the township took the name ‘Elk Grove’ after that animal found in the copious, surrounding woodland.  It remains an unincorporated community of dispersed farmsteads and small hamlets, of which Ipswich is one such hamlet.   It is stated in Wikipedia that “The community was named after Ipswich in England via Ipswich, Massachusetts.”  This information comes from “ A History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with the Chicago & North Western and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railways. p. 86 ” by W. H. Stennett, book published by the Chicago and North Western Railway Company (1908).  The actual sentence in that book is: “Ipswich, LaFayette County, Wisconsin, was named by C. C. Wheeler and John Patterson, jointly, from Ipswich, Mass., and Ipswich, in England.”   It would appear that this comment is partly correct, in that both places in Massachusetts and England probably had an input.  However, as we will show below, it is very likely that the locality was already named Ipswich before the railroad reached it.  C. C. Wheeler was active in a managerial  capacity with the railroad from 1862 and he later became the general superintendent of the C & NW Railway.  He did name a number of stops on this railroad.  John Patterson appears to have been the project manager at the time the railroad reached the Ipswich area.  C. C. Wheeler retired in 1887 and Sherburn Sanborn succeeded him.  The latter person had been Wheeler’s deputy since the 1860s.  Further reference to the Sanborn family and its connection with Ipswich can be found on the Ipswich, South Dakota  page.   The book “ Pioneer railroad – The Story of the Chicago and North Western System ” by Robert J. Casey & W. A. S. Douglas, McGraw-Hill, New York (1948), specifically states that Ipswich “was named after the place in England”.  It seems that the name ‘Ipswich Station’ was given to the farm of John Cattermole.  Born in Halesworth, Suffolk, England in 1804, he and his wife Charlotte emigrated to America in 1847 and are recorded as living in Elk Grove on the 1850 census.  The 1870 census lists John Cattermole as a farmer and postmaster in North Elk Grove.  This post office was operational from 1857 and John Cattermole’s farm was used as a postal drop or ‘station’ for the main routes that crossed nearby.  The name Ipswich was not used by this post office; it was officially known as North Elk Grove until its closure in 1871.  However, today there is only one place in the north part of Elk Grove and that is Ipswich; the name still used for the hamlet made up of a few scattered farmsteads.  A post office was re-opened in 1886 as ‘Ipswich’ and was discontinued in 1921.  It appears that the name ‘Ipswich Station’ may have been in use by 1856, as it is mentioned in the “ Commemorative Biographical Record of the Counties of Rock, Green, Grant, Iowa and Lafayette, Wisconsin ” published in 1901.  On page 195, under the entry for Ralph Liddle, it states that he and his wife Hannah moved to ‘Ipswich Station’ from Big Patch, Wisconsin, in that year.  It is also recorded that they “purchased a large landholding and erected comfortable and commodious buildings”.  However, it could be that the author was using the name that the little settlement was given at a date later than 1856 for the sake of clarity.  In 1865, a depot and pumping facilities for the trains were built by the Chicago and North Western Railway Company.  Soon afterwards a stockyard was built, as the station became popular with farmers in the region, who were able to ship their livestock to Chicago.  This was given the name ‘Ipswich Station’ whereas the formal name of the locality was still North Elk Grove.  The informal name of John Cattermole’s farm would indeed have been familiar to both C.C. Wheeler and Sherburn Sanborn who came from Vermont and New Hampshire respectively.  These two states are a few miles north of Ipswich, Massachusetts.  As was usually the case, the formal name of the locality soon followed that of the railroad station, becoming simply ‘Ipswich’. Top of Page President William McKinley  William McKinley, President of the United States from 1897 to 1901, passed through Ipswich Station in 1900, whilst running for his second term in office.  When the train stopped, he made a speech from the back of the passenger coach. To a great ovation, he declared that the area was the best prairie land he had ever seen in all his travels. Top of Page Ipswich Prairie   Straddling the border between Lafayette & Grant Counties, Ipswich Prairie is a long, narrow, 20 acre site that is a remnant area of deep-soil mesic prairie. Situated about 3 miles south of Platteville, the area was designated a State National Area in 1985. It is owned by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. The prairie is maintained by controlled burning  & is a habitat for more than 125 species of prairie flora including two species rare in Wisconsin; Wild Quinine & Prairie Thistle. Also present are such species as Wood Lily, Indian Grass, Blue Eyed Grass & Pale Spike Lobelia. Fauna includes Franklin's Ground Squirrel, Grasshopper Sparrow & colonies of the mound building ant Formica cinerea . Top of Page   Lafayette County  Lafayette County, in which Ipswich is situated, is in the south west of Wisconsin.  Adjacent to Grant County in the west, Green County in the east & Iowa County in the north, the counties of Stephenson & Jo Daviess in the state of Illinois border it to the south. The county seat is Darlington.  When Iowa County was divided into two in 1846, the southern part became Lafayette County, named after the Marquis De La Fayette, who was a French nobleman & hero of the revolutionary wars. The countryside is mainly one of rolling hills &, due to the fertile soil, agriculture is the main industry.Much nineteenth & early twentieth architecture is preserved in the towns & villages, a legacy of the lead mining settlements. Other tourist attractions include fishing & boating in the  man-made lakes of the county.  Top of Page

Located in Edmunds County in South Dakota, the City & Township of Ipswich are situated at 45° 26’ 42” N 99° 1’ 49” W. The Township of Ipswich is a square block of territory completely surrounding the City and should not be confused with the latter as they are separate units of local government in the USA.  In 1873 the territorial legislature of Dakota divided the territory into rectangular units of six by six miles called “townships”.  These remained without a name until a settlement had been established.  If the settlement chose to be incorporated as a city it could only exercise jurisdiction within the city limits.  It would then be removed from the Township jurisdiction which continued to be exercised over the remaining area of the township.  To add to the confusion, the office of the Township is in the City of Ipswich, the only settlement, the inhabitants of the township living in isolated farmsteads.   Population:- As at 2020, the population of the City of Ipswich was 859, and that of the Township 53. How to get there:-  By road: US Highway 12 runs east to west through the city of Ipswich, while State Highway 45 runs north to south. From Sioux Falls take Interstate Highway 90 west, then US Highway 281 north to Aberdeen, then west on US Highway 12. From Bismarck, North Dakota take Interstate Highway 94 east, then US Highway 83 south to intersection with US Highway 12, before heading east.   By Rail: The Milwaukee Railroad runs east to west through Ipswich. No other details of services or schedules available. There are no international airports in South Dakota.  The nearest regional airport is at Aberdeen. Time Zone: Central Standard Time (GMT -6 hrs).  Daylight saving time in summer + 1 hr. Order of contents on this page: (Click on the links below) Pre-European Settlement   Early Settlement & Derivation of Name Home of the Yellowstone Trail JW Parmley  Marcus P Beebe Memorial Library Prayer Rock Memorial Arch The Ipswich Pioneer Village  Ipswich Grasslands  Edmunds County      Pre-European Settlement  No one really knows what tribes lived in South Dakota before about 1500, other than the ancestors of the present Arikara and Mandan, who migrated up the Missouri valley probably in the 13th century.  They were farmers rather than nomadic hunters, so they tended to keep to the more fertile Missouri valley in the central part of present-day North and South Dakota, rather than on the Plains. In the early 17th century, the Siouan-speaking Omaha, Ponca, and perhaps the Iowa and Oto moved into eastern South Dakota.  The name “Sioux” is a French abbreviation from the Chippewan word “Nadowessioux” which means “treacherous snake” or “enemy”. However, the Sioux generally call themselves “Lakota” or “Dakota”, meaning “friends” or “allies”. The Chippewa/Ojibwe, armed with guns by their French allies, gradually forced the Lakota westward out of the forests of Minnesota and onto the Great Plains west of the Mississippi.  There the Lakota Sioux acquired horses and adopted a nomadic existence, hunting buffalo on the high plains of the Dakotas.  By 1700 they had occupied much of present-day North and South Dakota, east of the Missouri River. The Dakota Sioux do not seem to have gone out onto the plains until a little later, near the end of the 17th century.  By 1800 the Sioux peoples occupied virtually the entire territory of North and South Dakota.   The Sioux were a confederacy of several tribes that spoke three different dialects: the Lakota, Western Dakota and  Eastern Dakota.  The smallest of the three groups were the Western Dakota, comprising two main tribes of the Yankton and Yanktonai, who primarily resided in South Dakota, North Dakota and northwest Iowa, between the other two groups.  The location of Ipswich is in the former territory of this group. The Western Dakota linguistic group was formerly known as the “Nakota” on the presumption that this was what they called themselves.  This has now been found to be erroneous.  Both the Santee and the Yankton/Yanktonai refer to themselves as “Dakota”.  The name “Nakota” is exclusively used by the Assiniboine tribe.  The tribal names mean “village at the end of the territory” (Yankton) and “little village at the end of the territory” (Yanktonai).   By the early 19th century their hunting grounds were on the plains west of the Red River and east of the Missouri River & the Yanktonai had divided into two sub-tribes: the Upper Yanktonai & the Hunkpatina or Lower Yanktonai.  It was in the territory of the Lower Yanktonai that  Ipswich would later be located, around 38 miles west of the James River.  The way of life of the Yankton and Yanktonai was more sedentary than that of the Sioux further to the west. They lived most of the time in permanent villages of earth lodges and they also cultivated crops. In April 1858 the Yankton Sioux surrendered their territory to the United States and retired to the Yankton Reservation in southeast South Dakota.  The Yanktonai tribes did not join in the Great Sioux Uprising of 1862 in neighbouring Minnesota.  However, the US Army was looking to punish any Sioux who they believed had participated in the “Uprising”, and this resulted in the Whitestone Hill Massacre in North Dakota in which between 100 & 300 native men, women and children were killed, with 156 more taken captive. Those who did survive fled west across the Missouri River. On 28 October 1865 separate treaties were made with the United States by the Upper and Lower Yanktonai, ceding their lands to the United States. Some of the bands within the Yanktonai held aloof, but these finally settled in the Treaty of Fort Laramie on 29th  April 1868, and the follow-up Treaty of Fort Rice, 2nd  July 1868, ordered all of them to move to reservations.  There was one notable chief who held out.  That was Drifting Goose (Magabobdu) who refused to sign any treaties relinquishing the homelands of his people.  His band numbered some 300 whose permanent camp was on Armadale Island in the James River just southeast of Aberdeen, and whose traditional hunting grounds included the location of Ipswich. But, surviving during harsh winters, with dwindling buffalo resources and constant pressure from the government, became increasingly difficult, and he too had eventually to face the inevitable.  In 1878 Drifting Goose and his band finally moved to the Crow Creek Reservation in central South Dakota. Top of Page  Early Settlement & Derivation of Name  First settled on 2 October 1883 with the coming of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St Paul railway to the  area, the name Ipswich is said to have been given by Charles H. Prior, the superintendent of this part of the railway, who “named it after Ipswich, England, his home town.”  However, the home town of Charles Prior was Plainfield, Connecticut, and not Ipswich, England.  Moreover, Charles Prior left New England when he was an infant and had no connections with any of the Ipswiches.  Charles Prior was instrumental in naming Ipswich in his capacity as the town site agent for the railroad, and his name appears on the paperwork.  An article in the newspaper Edmunds County Democrat  in August 1909 clearly states that “Ipswich was named by Mr Merrill, general manager of the railroad, after the town in Massachusetts”.  It is more likely to have been given this name by Charles Prior on the actual suggestion of George W Sanborn, who was at that time the superintendent of the southern part of the railroad in Dakota Territory, and the nephew of Mr Merrill.   The Sanborn family was prominent in the railway business. Sherburn Sanborn Merrill was part of the original syndicate that purchased the Chicago, Milwaukee & St Paul railway in 1861 and he remained a member of the executive board of the railway until his death in 1884.  His nephew, George W Sanborn, was a prominent figure in the railroad construction business in the Dakotas & Iowa. George Sanborn had started on the railroads in 1854 in Wisconsin & held the position of superintendent of the Iowa & Dakota division of the C. M. & St P. Railway from 1874 until 1888. Sanborn County in South Dakota is named after him.  His brother, Sherburn Sanborn, was also a superintendent of a railway.  All three had towns in the American mid-West named after them. Although the Sanborn family lived in Bath, New Hampshire, in the 1830s, the family hometown was further east in that state, in Hampton, which is only about 20 miles north of Ipswich, Massachusetts & approximately 55 miles from New Ipswich. The Sanborn ancestors arrived in America in 1632 and lived briefly at Boston and Ipswich, Massachusetts, before finally settling in Hampton in 1638. The name Sanborn is very common in this area of New England. Top of Page      The Home of the Yellowstone Trail  Ipswich is known as “The Home of the Yellowstone Trail”. In April 1912, Ipswich resident JW ‘Joe’ Parmley gathered together local influential men from the area for a meeting. Their initial aim was to build a good road from Ipswich to Aberdeen, 25 miles away. However, their ambitions soon increased & in a few weeks the intentions expanded to take the route to the famous Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming.  By October 1912, when the Yellowstone Trail Association was founded, the aim had broadened still further, with the intention being to build a coast to coast transcontinental highway from Massachusetts to Washington State, or ‘a good road from Plymouth Rock to Puget Sound’ as they described it.  At the time, the Federal Government were supporting the growth of the railways, but auto roads, especially long distance ones, were still not much more than dirt tracks in many areas. The Yellowstone Trail Association didn’t actually build the roads, but set up local chapters in the towns & states that the proposed route would take; lobbying local government, providing instruction & guidance to local people, & promoting tourism. Its headquarters eventually moved to Minneapolis. Top of Page JW Parmley  Joseph William Lincoln Parmley was born in 1861 in Mifflin, Wisconsin. In 1883, Parmley, along with two other pioneers, established the settlement of Roscoe, around 15 miles west of Ipswich. With the construction of the railroad, Parmley & his family moved to Ipswich, & with the organisation of Edmunds County in 1883, he was appointed superintendent of schools. He passed the South Dakota bar examination in 1887 & was twice elected to the state legislature in 1905 & 1907. He would eventually serve Edmunds County as Register of Deeds, County Clerk & County Judge, as well as running, unsuccessfully, for US Congress as a Republican.  As well as becoming the “Father of the Yellowstone Trail ” (see above), Parmley was instrumental in establishing several newspapers in the area: The   Edmunds County Weekly News , The Roscoe Herald , & The South Dakota Tribune . He later merged these to become the Ipswich Tribune , which he sold in 1911, & which is still in existence today. He also owned the Edmunds County Abstract Co., which was based at the Parmley Western Land Office in Main Street. Built in 1900, the Land Office is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places, & since 2005 has been open as a museum. Exhibits include items from early 20th century businesses. Parmley also owned farmland to the north of Ipswich, where he kept a large herd of Shetland ponies. His house, which he & his family lived in from 1920 onwards, still stands today along Highway 45. Since 1980 it has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places, & in 1983 it opened as a museum, exhibiting pioneer artifacts & memorabilia that were once housed in the Edmunds County Museum.  Both the house & the land office are now maintained by the JW Parmley Historical Home Society. Admission to the museums is free, & they are open three days a week between Memorial Day and Labor Day. Parmley died in December 1940.  He was entered into the South Dakota Highway Hall of Fame in 1972, & the South Dakota Cowboy and Western Heritage Hall of Fame in 1981.  Top of Page Marcus P Beebe Memorial Library  Marcus P Beebe was born in Sandusky, New York in June 1854. He & his family moved to Ipswich in 1884, where he founded & became the first president of the Bank of Ipswich. He died in 1914. Although there had been a library in Ipswich since 1886, a new building was designed in 1930 by architect Allen E Erickson & opened the following year as the Marcus P Beebe Memorial Library; having been presented to the town by his widow. It is situated on Main Street.   Top of Page Prayer Rock  Now sitting in front of the Marcus P Beebe Memorial Library on Main Street, the five ton Medicine Rock, or Prayer rock is a glacial boulder originally discovered near Mobridge, South Dakota, around 68 miles from Ipswich. Believed by the Native Americans to be the work of the ‘Wakan’ or Great Spirit, & a symbol of great power, the rock has human hands etched on it; which they are thought to have placed their own hands on whilst praying.   Top of Page Memorial Arch   Built in 1919 to honour the men of Edmunds County who fought in the First World War, the Memorial Arch originally spanned US Highway 12; the only arch in the country erected over a national highway. Due to the volume of modern day traffic, however, it has since been relocated to the side of the road in City Park, at the junction of  Highway 12 with 8th Street.   Top of Page The Ipswich Pioneer Village   The Ipswich Pioneer Village is a collection of restored country building’s of historical significance dating back to the pioneer days.  Started in 1969 by the Ipswich Flower and Garden Club, the first building acquired was the Powell School, along with some of its contents. Other buildings that have been moved to the present site include the Owen Building, Schwall House, a replica of the Congregational Church, Loyalton Post Office, & the Print Shop, the latter housing a printing press dating from 1865 & originally owned by the Ipswich Tribune  newspaper. Tours of the Pioneer Village are available during the summer months by appointment. Top of Page   Ipswich Grasslands  Situated eight miles (13 km) southwest of Ipswich on the Missouri Plateau are the Ipswich Grasslands.  The plateau stretches along the eastern side of the valley of the Missouri River and is an elevated prairie landscape of glacial origin with low, poorly drained, undulating hills with numerous wetland depressions.  It is unsuitable for intensive agriculture. The Ipswich Grasslands is the name given to 680 acres of some of North America’s most important waterfowl breeding habitat that has been set aside as part of the Grasslands Reserve Program (GRP).  In 2003 Congress passed a Farm Bill that introduced the Grasslands Reserve Program to help protect America’s vanishing native prairie and to provide incentives for landowners to protect, restore and enhance grasslands on their property in order to create wildlife friendly areas.  The goal is to prevent such land from being converted into cropland or used for urban development.  Enrolled land must be in parcels that exceed 40 acres and technical assistance is provided to restore the grasslands. The tract has an abundance of wildlife ranging from various waterfowl species, upland game birds such as pheasants and sharp-tailed grouse, white-tailed deer, in addition to a wide variety of migrating water birds.  The Ipswich Grasslands (see photograph, above) is perpetually protected with US Fish & Wildlife Service easements to ensure productive habitat for years to come. The land has been acquired by Ducks Unlimited (DU).  This is an international nonprofit organisation dedicated to the conservation of wetlands and associated upland habitats for waterfowl and other wildlife. However, this organisation was founded in 1937 in the USA by waterfowl hunters intent on preserving their recreational interests, and remains a pro-hunting organisation.  After Ducks Unlimited acquires a property, any needed grassland or wetland restorations are performed and the land is protected in perpetuity with conservation easements.  Ducks Unlimited attempts to find suitable conservation buyers to purchase the land once habitat restorations are complete and protection is in place.  Anti-hunting groups, therefore, accuse DU of simply aquiring land, making it attractive for the breeding of ducks, then selling the land to the shooting fraternity for the ducks to be shot. This property was named Ipswich Grasslands in 2003 when Ducks Unlimited began their restoration of the land.  Since then there have been annual auctions of tracts that have been improved, and these have come into individual ownership.  The new owner has to observe the regulations appertaining to the preservation of the natural wildlife environment, and there are strict limitations on any structures and tracks erected on the land.  Top of Page Edmunds County  Ipswich is the seat of Edmunds County, which lies in the northern part of South Dakota. It is surrounded by the counties of Mcpherson, Brown, Spink, Faulk, Potter & Walworth.  Ipswich is one of thirty two civil townships (units of local government) in the county & is approximately 25 miles west of Aberdeen. Edmunds County’s main industry is agriculture, with cattle & corn being its main focus. However, wheat, beans, flax & sunflowers are also grown commercially here. The terrain is flat farmland with very few hills. The county was named after New Yorker Newton Edmunds, the second Governor of  Dakota Territory, who was appointed by President Lincoln in 1863 and served until 1866.  Edmunds County was created in 1873, but the first actual settlement didn't take place until October 1882.  The county was officially organised on 26th July 1883 at the township of Edmunds, which became the first county seat.  With the establishment of Ipswich on the railroad in 1883, the people of Edmunds moved to the new town, until only one house remained at the county seat.  The commissioners met in this house on 1st November 1883, when the county seat was changed from Edmunds to Ipswich. Top of Page

Ipswich Suburbs & Localities  We have brought together in one place information on all the suburbs and localities of the City of Ipswich.  We found that much of this information was dispersed over various sources, but we would acknowledge the extent to which we have used the material found on the Ipswich City Council website & the University of Queensland directory of Queensland Places.   Our research also revealed incorrect information on the naming and early settlement of some places in these official sources, and we have accordingly brought attention to these (see Goodna, Gailes, Amberley and Calvert).  We appreciate that some of our facts may also be incorrect since we do not have access to primary sources.  We would be grateful for any corrections and further input from our fellow Ipswichians in Australia who are able to research these sources.   In 1996 the Queensland government decided that all localities and suburbs should be officially bounded and named.  “Suburb” is the term reserved for urban communities.  “Locality” is the term used in the rural context.  The City of Ipswich covers an area of 1090 sq km (420.9 sq mls).  Within this area there are a large number of suburbs, townships and localities, as listed below. Suburbs & Localities of the City of Ipswich (in alphabetical order) Urban Ipswich   Total: 48 Amberley; Augustine Heights; Barellan Point; Basin Pocket; Bellbird Park; Blackstone; Booval; Brassall; Brookwater; Bundamba; Camira; Carole Park; Churchill; Chuwar; Coalfalls; Collingwood Park; Dinmore; Eastern Heights; East Ipswich; Ebbw Vale; Flinders View; Gailes; Goodna; Ipswich Central; Karalee; Leichhardt; Moores Pocket; New Chum; Newtown; North Booval; North Ipswich; North Tivoli; One Mile; Raceview; Redbank; Redbank Plains; Ripley; Riverview; Sadliers Crossing; Silkstone; Springfield; Springfield Central; Springfield Lakes; Tivoli; West Ipswich; Woodend; Wulkuraka; YamantoRural Townships   Total: 4 Grandchester; Marburg; Rosewood; WalloonRural Localities   Total: 28 Ashwell; Blacksoil; Calvert; Deebing Heights; Ebenezer; Goolman; Haigslea; Ironbark: Jeebropilly; Karrabin; Lanefield; Lower Mount Walker; Mount Forbes; Mount Marrow; Mount Mort; Muirlea; Mutdapilly; Pine Mountain; Purga; South Ripley; Spring Mountain; Swanbank; Tallegalla; Thagoona; The Bluff; White Rock; Willowbank; Woolshed We cover all the above with brief details of their history and points of interest, going outwards from the centre of Ipswich in the order of their chronological absorption by the city. The original municipality and City of Ipswich t0 1916 The original municipality incorporated on 3 March 1860 was smaller than the Parish of Ipswich.  The latter extended along the Bremer River to Bunbamba Creek and much further to the south between the Deebing Creek and Bundamba Creek.  In 1879 the colonial government created local government divisions for the rural areas, but existing municipal towns and boundaries were left alone.  These municipal boundaries remained the same when Ipswich became a city in 1904, despite the fact that it had expanded beyond those limits by this year. Central Business District (Ipswich Central):  The innermost suburb is the Ipswich Central Business District; a 4.1 sq km (1.6 sq mile) area centred around Brisbane Street and Limestone Street, which includes the Ipswich Mall shopping centre.  Henry Wade surveyed the site of the “Township of Limestone” in 1842 and his first map included the names of East, Bell, Nicholas, Bremer and Brisbane streets.  The boundaries of the township were the Bremer River to the north, Milford Street to the east, Grey Street to the south and Waghorn Street to the west.  The original quarry site of Limestone Hills is in Queens Park and the locality just south of East Ipswich along the Brisbane Road is still known as Limestone Hill.  A number of substantial residences surrounded by large trees were built in this part of Ipswich.  Another locality within Ipswich Central is Denmark Hill, believed to have been named by Benjamin Cribb who emigrated from England in 1849.  He used to live in London, England, near to the Denmark Hill located there.  Cribb established a prominent retail business, which was destined to grow into the Cribb and Foote emporium in Brisbane Street, and represented Ipswich in the Queensland parliament.  Benjamin Cribb built the house of Gooloowan  (see separate section above) on Quarry Street in Denmark Hill.  Denmark Hill Conservation Park was the site of the City Colliery that was worked from 1912 to 1952. Woodend: This inner-city suburb is immediately northwest of the main settlement, on the southern bank of a bend in the Bremer River.  In 1848 this area was the first coal-bearing crown land near Ipswich to be subdivided into small ‘coal allotments’, and Radstock Pit, opened in 1854, had the distinction of being the first successful Ipswich coal mine.  However, the anticipated expansion of coal mining never materialised because the finds were too small to be commercially viable.  During the later 1850s the bushland was cleared, and this area became a residential suburb frequented by middle class families.    The suburb takes its name from a house built by Arthur Macalister which he named Woodend.  Macalister was born in Glasgow and emigrated to Australia in 1839.  He became a solicitor, and set up a practice at Ipswich in 1850.  Macalister became a leading advocate for the separation of Queensland from New South Wales, and was three times prime minister of Queensland.  By 1860 he had built his house in the suburb.  “Woodend” is a common place-name in Scotland and it seems reasonable to assume that he named his house accordingly.  The house has since been demolished and Woodend Park is now on that site. The first Ipswich cotton was grown at Woodend by John Panton in 1862.  There are several heritage sites in the suburb with Ipswich Grammar School and St Mary’s Convent School, both established in 1863, being the foremost. Coalfalls:  A residential suburb with Woodend to its east, bound on its north and west by the Bremer River, and two km (1¼ miles) north-west of central Ipswich.  Unlicensed mining operations were being carried out on what were known as “coal falls”, coal seams that were visible on the river bank, hence this became the name of the later suburb. This area was subdivided for ‘coal allotments’ at the same time as Woodend in 1848, and the era of suburban settlement began in the late 1850s.  Sir James William Blair, a prominent Australian politician, lawyer and judge, elected to the Queensland Parliament on several occasions, and a judge of the Supreme Court of Queensland, was born at Coalfalls in 1871, and later lived there in a house called Coalfalls (still standing, now renamed Dumfries).Sadliers Crossing: Situated south of Coalfalls between Woodend and the Bremer River; it was where there was a shallow ford crossing the river before the 1860s on property owned by Thomas Sadlier.  It is still the main railway crossing over a steel-girder structure completed in 1902 (see Wulkuraka below).  It became a residential suburb in the 1860s.  The heritage listed house of Belmont (see  separate section above), built about 1865, is in Burnett Street, Sadliers Crossing. West Ipswich:  The next suburb south, immediately west of Denmark Hill and central Ipswich, with the Bremer River and the Deebing Creek as its western boundary.  It was first settled in 1842 and remained a separate early urban settlement known as Little Ipswich  (see separate entry on The Ones That Got Away page), situated between Ipswich and One Mile Bridge, until included into the municipality of Ipswich in 1860.  It was renamed West Ipswich in 1877 and was then much larger than today, spreading across what is today the southern part of Ipswich Central, including the localities of Denmark Hill and Sandy Gallop.  In 1991 the suburb boundaries were redrawn and West Ipswich lost over half its area to Ipswich Central.    Basin Pocket:  This suburb is in the loop of the Bremer River to the northeast of central Ipswich, and the river borders it on the north, west and part of the east; the suburb of East Ipswich is to the south and east of Basin Pocket.  Today’s Chermside Road was the original boundary of the municipality of Ipswich, and still remains the boundary of Basin Pocket.  The origin of the suburb name is derived from “The Basin”, an artificially enlarged natural widening of the Bremer River used by paddle steamers to turn round to go to and from the wharves at Ipswich.  The explorer Allan Cunningham noted it in 1828, and Capt. Logan named it as the limit of navigation on the Bremer River.  The actual settlement of Ipswich began a little further upstream, and it was not until 1860 that Basin Pocket was permanently occupied when William Henry Lawrence from Cambridge, England, settled there.  His son William Isaac Lawrence was born here in 1861.  The area became a working class residential suburb, and it was William Isaac Lawrence who later established the ferry here, enabling workers to cross the river to the North Ipswich railway workshops.  The ferry continued until just after World War II, when travel to work by bus became a more viable option. North Ipswich:  North Ipswich lies in a U-shaped bend of the Bremer River, immediately north of central Ipswich.  The story of North Ipswich is that of the Railway Workshops; in fact The Workshops Estate was an early name for the suburb (see Railways  and The Workshops Rail Museum sections, above).  As soon as Queensland gained separation from New South Wales there was a move to construct a railway in order to bring the vast territory closer.  Transporting wool over the distance from the interior was costly and slow because of the absence of properly maintained dirt tracks.  It was quickly discovered that the construction costs for a rail system as used in Britain were beyond the budget of the fledgling Queensland colonial government. Costs were reduced by using a narrow gauge (3 feet 6 inches) that could be laid more quickly and cheaply over vast distances, and bridging the Bremer River was to be avoided if possible.  Ipswich was chosen as the first terminus because it was at the head of navigation on the Bremer River, and there was no need for a connection to Brisbane because river transport was then more efficient and effective than rail.  Since Ipswich had already been settled south of the Bremer River, North Ipswich was the only place where land was available to construct the workshops to build the rolling stock, and was also near to the river where the wool could be transferred to the waiting steamers.   Before the coming of the railway in 1864 the area had not been settled and remained scrubland, but by 1865 roads were in place at North Ipswich.  Connected to central Ipswich at first only by ferry, a bridge was built at the present site in 1865 for both rail and road traffic until 1897 when a separate railway bridge was built a little further upstream.  Cotton and wool production in the Brisbane Valley and the Darling Downs, and the accessibility provided by the railway, stimulated further economic activity in North Ipswich, and it became a premier industrial location.  The Shillito engineering works were established there in 1867; Hancock’s timber mill in 1872 and the Queensland Woollen Mill in 1877.  The North Ipswich rail yards, vacated in 1993, endure as one of Australia’s best-preserved industrial heritage sites. North Ipswich today extends north to beyond the Warrego Highway, but when Ipswich was incorporated in 1860 this suburb was quite small, the boundary running in a straight line southeast from the highest tidal point of the Bremer River in the west where the river curves to the south, to the same river in the east opposite today’s Bremer Parade in Basin Pocket.  Beyond this boundary from 1879 was the Shire of Brassall.  Arguments over which administration should bear the cost of repairs to the bridge over Tivoli Creek on today’s Tantivy Road, which was actually within the municipality boundaries of the City of Ipswich, but of little benefit to the city, led to the boundary being altered to run along the creek in 1909 to bring the Tivoli Bridge into the Shire of Brassall. The City of Ipswich from 1916 to 1949 Most of the suburbs of Ipswich were outside the municipality boundaries in 1904.  When Ipswich became a city on 1 December 1904, agitation began for an extension of its boundaries.  In 1916 a number of surrounding shires were abolished and parts of Brassall, Bundanba and Purga shires were added to create a “Greater Ipswich” of 32 sq km (12.4 sq mls). NORTH OF BREMER RIVER FROM SHIRE OF BRASSALL With the exception of North Ipswich, the other suburbs north of the Bremer River, although in the Shire of Brassall, were effectively part of Ipswich, and in 1916 this was recognised when the city expanded in this direction.  Raymond’s Hill, once a separate suburb in the Shire of Brassall, was merged with North Ipswich, and is now an official locality.  The suburb was named after John Raymond who came from Ireland in 1865.  This acquisition extended North Ipswich to the Warrego Highway. Tivoli & Tivoli Hill: These were once separate suburbs, but have since been merged with Tivoli Hill now an official locality within the wider Tivoli suburb.  It is situated north of the Bremer River, east of North Ipswich between Tivoli Creek and Sandy Creek. Until 1916 this area was in the Shire of Brassall. The bushland area north of the Bremer River and east of North Ipswich was subdivided into farm allotments in 1861, and would have remained an agricultural area if it were not for the discovery of coal resources here.  The first coal was mined from exposed seams on the north side of the Bremer River east of Tivoli Creek in 1854, but it was not until the Old Tivoli Mine was opened in 1866 near Francis Street, that development really began.  This mine was financed and developed by two Ipswich businessmen, John Robinson and Harry Hooper, with coal and coke being supplied, first to the paddle steamers, then to the rapidly developing railways.  Tivoli was a middle name used by the Hooper family, and the name soon became applied to the whole area.   Numerous other coal pits were opened, along with coke ovens.  As the Redbank deposits petered out, the Tivoli seam was more intensively exploited.  Consequently Tivoli was riddled with pits, and being close to the wharves on the Bremer River at North Ipswich, coal was transported to the riverside by a tramway.  The suburb became Queensland’s largest coal producing area by 1870.   Moores Pocket:  This suburb is in the bend of the Bremer River which is found on all sides, except the northwest.  It was named after Thomas Moore, a blacksmith and wheelwright, who lived in this area around 1846.  WEST OF BREMER RIVER FROM SHIRE OF BRASSALL One Mile: This suburb was originally known as Toongarra, an Aboriginal name meaning “home of the cabbage palm”; now remembered only by the name of the main road through Leichhardt.  It only officially became One Mile in 1871, although known by this name unofficially since the 1840s.  West of the Bremer River the suburb of One Mile was attached to the City of Ipswich in 1916.  It had long been an extension of West Ipswich and it derived its name because the river crossing there was one mile from the centre of the city.  Aborigines used to camp here, and so did the drovers who used to gather west of the crossing before driving their stock across.  As such it was an ideal place for Donald Campbell, recognised as the second free settler in Ipswich, to move from Little Ipswich (now West Ipswich) and set up as a blacksmith and wheelwright in 1842 on the Old Toowoomba Road.  About the same time Captain “Black” Jack Neale, a sailing captain, built a simple wooden hotel next door on the same road to cater for the thirst of the drovers.  Captain Neale later moved back to Little Ipswich to establish the One Mile Hotel.  Nevertheless, the families of these two constituted the first permanent residents at One Mile (see also Little Ipswich  on The Ones That Got Away page).  The area was divided early into small market garden plots to serve the growing Ipswich market. In  the 1870s the Toongarra winery was built on the corner of Old Toowoomba Road and Chubb Street.  Its vineyard occupied about 6 hectares (14 acres), and it employed about 40 men.  Awards were won but the wines could not compete after Federation in 1901 against the cheaper wine that was now allowed in from southern Australia. In  1953 the suburb was divided, but the name One Mile was retained by the southern portion. Leichhardt:  By 1871 this land had been subdivided and placed under cultivation.  Further subdivision and settlement took place in the 20th century, particularly in the 1940s with the expansion of the nearby RAAF base at Amberley, making this a residential suburb.  The origin of the suburb name is from Ludwig Leichhardt, an explorer and naturalist from Prussia who led major expeditions in Australia during the 1840s.  He is reputed to have camped in the area and used the facilities offered on the Old Toowoomba Road in One Mile.  In 1925 a riverside reserve on the west side of the Bremer River was designated One Mile Park; in 1930 the name was changed to Leichhardt Park since this is where he is supposed to have camped.  Following representations by local residents, the area north of the Old Toowoomba Road became a separate suburb named Leichhardt in July 1953. FROM SHIRE OF PURGA Churchill:  A residential suburb 3 km (2 miles) south-west of central Ipswich.  Its western and eastern boundaries are the Bremer River and Deebing Creek respectively.  The proximity to the major crossing point of the Bremer River at One Mile made the land just south of Little Ipswich in the Parish of Purga, between that river and the Deebing Creek, suitable to use as stock saleyards.  During the 1860s a small community developed around these, and in 1866 the Isambert Brothers established a soap and candle works there.  The land was in the County of Churchill, and in 1870 a separate “Town of Churchill” was laid out, taking its name from the county.  In 1873 the first Ipswich Agricultural Show was held at the saleyards.  The show moved to the Sandy Gallop training track in 1877, and the yards were sold four years later.  The community of Churchill was that part of the Shire of Purga transferred to the City of Ipswich in 1916. SOUTH OF THE BREMER RIVER FROM SHIRE OF BUNDANBA (boundary went to Bundanba Creek) East Ipswich:  This suburb surrounds Basin Pocket and touches the Bremer River in two separate places in the north and west; to the south is Brisbane Road, the city’s main arterial link to the Ipswich Motorway.  Until 1916 the boundary of Ipswich was along today’s Chernside Road (then named Boundary Road).  A small part of the present suburb of East Ipswich to the west of Chernside Road down to the Bremer River was then within the municipality, but the larger part was outside the boundary in the Shire of Bundanba.  There were a number of substantial residences with large grounds built on the outskirts of Ipswich in the 1860s.  In the late 1870s as the larger properties were broken up and sold off in smaller lots, this became a predominantly residential suburb known as Limestone.  However, it was increasingly referred to as East Ipswich and in 1891 it finally took this name.  In the same year the Ipswich Cotton Company established the first cotton mill to be built in Queensland in the suburb, near to the cotton plantations in Booval.  This did not prove profitable and in 1913 it was bought by the Ipswich Woollen Company in Tivoli Hill; in 1917 that company moved its operations from Tivoli to East Ipswich.  The woollen mill remained the major employer until it closed in the 1980s; the houses around Woollen Mill Way are a reminder of its past.  Newtown: This is a small residential suburb south of East Ipswich, bordered by Queens Park to the west, to the north by Brisbane Road, with Booval and Silkstone to the east.  Its name comes from John Rankin’s “Newtown Estate” which was subdivided and sold in about 1865.  This was an area occupied by three or four families of the early settlers of Ipswich, in substantial properties surrounded by large canopied trees, situated on a ridge overlooking the town.  It is, therefore, notable for its heritage sites, particularly Rockton  (see separate section above), one of Ipswich’s oldest surviving buildings, and Gwennap built c.1874 (now a nursing home). Eastern Heights: Originally this suburb was the southern part of Newtown adjacent to Queens Park.  By the end of the 19th century, it was also occupied by grand houses in large grounds.  The name “Eastern Heights” was first officially used in 1930 as the suburb is on a high ridge to the east of Ipswich. Booval: This suburb is 3 km (2 miles) from the centre of Ipswich and straddles the Brisbane Road, stretching from the suburbs of East Ipswich and Newtown in the west to Ipswich Race Course in the east.  Situated between the town of Ipswich and the eastern collieries, Booval was originally a farming district serving these communities.  The suburb took its name from Booval House  (see separate section above), built c.1859 in today’s Cothill Road and believed to be the first residence in the area, built for the manager of the Bank of Australasia in Ipswich.  It is now a convent.  The house was soon surrounded by a 20 ha (49 acres) cotton plantation established by the Ipswich Cotton Company in 1861.  The origin of the house name is unknown although in the Kabi Aboriginal dialect it means “frilled lizard”; it may also refer to an initiation ceremony; or some believe it is a corruption of the French “Beau Val” for ‘beautiful valley’.   In 1882 there were only four dwellings along Brisbane Road in Booval.  However, in 1884 this area became a dormitory suburb for coal miners working in Blackstone. Another important business was the Jacaranda Butter Factory that operated from 1901 to 2010.  Booval remained partly residential and partly commercial until the 1960s, when the railway sidings closed and businesses went into decline.  It was then that urbanisation finally reached Booval with housing estates and drive-in shopping malls, such as Booval Fair. North Booval: The land immediately north of the Ipswich-Brisbane railway line is bounded on its east by Bundamba Creek, and on its north and west by the Bremer River, with a thin neck of land less than a mile wide separating these two stretches of water.  As such, much of the land beside the creek and Bremer River still remains undeveloped because it is subject to regular flooding.  North Booval was sparsely settled, although the original butter factory was located there.  Nevertheless, residential growth finally moved northwards creating the suburb of North Booval in the mid-1970s. Silkstone: This suburb is 3 km (2 miles) east of central Ipswich and immediately east of Newtown, and stretches to Bundamba Creek in the west.  It was named in 1889 after the coal mining village of Silkstone in the West Riding district of Yorkshire, England.  The development of Silkstone followed on from the settlement of Newtown to the west and Booval to the north.  Most houses are from the early 1900s and the interwar years.   The City of Ipswich from 1949 to 1995 In 1949 the suburbs immediately south of the Bremer River from Bundamba Creek to Woogaroo Creek were acquired from the Shire of Moreton. Bundamba: Eight km (5 miles) east of central Ipswich, and initially spelt Bundanba; the spelling was changed officially in 1932 to Bundamba, although the latter spelling was in common use long before that, as indicated by references in newspapers from 1888.  The name means ‘place of the stone axe’ since this was where the Aboriginal tribes dug for stone to make their axes.  In 1851 Joseph Fleming purchased land at Bundamba and this became the site of his boiling down works.  The Bremer Mills Estate of 259 ha (640 acres) had a 6 km (4 mile) frontage to the Bremer River.  The Estate included a flour mill, a sawmill, a melting down works, a seven room house, cottages for 300 workers and their families, a church and school house.  The mills were demolished at the turn of the century by which time an industrial community had developed around the coalfields found in this area.  Early settlement away from the Bremer Hills Estate began about 1855, and later in the 1870s coal mining and several brickworks were established in the region.   The Racecourse relocated to Bundamba in 1876 just west of Bundamba Creek, and it became home to the Ipswich Amateur Turf Club in 1890 (see Ipswich Turf Club  section, above).  Although the western boundary of present-day Bundamba runs along the Bundamba Creek, it deviates to the west across land to encompass the racecourse, ensuring that this historic location remains a part of its original community.  In the County of Stanley the settlement of Bundamba was originally part of the Parish of Goodna, whereas a Parish of Bundanba existed further south between the Bundamba Creek and Woogaroo Creek covering Redbank Plains, Swanbank and the area south to the present city boundary.  From 1879 to 1916 there was a separate Shire of Bundanba that covered only the part of today’s suburb north of the Brisbane Road (a Boundary Street still exists where it was once located), and those suburbs west of the Bundamba Creek that were not included in Ipswich until 1916.  The council seat of this Shire was Ipswich itself, whereas Bundamba was the council seat of the Shire of Purga.  In 1916 the Shire of Bundanba was divided between the Shire of Ipswich (Moreton) and the City of Ipswich.  The area east of Bundamba Creek went to the Shire of Ipswich (Moreton), and included the communities of Bundamba and Blackstone.   Blackstone: Immediately south of present day Bundamba, this suburb was originally part of that community and known as Bundanba Creek.  As the new community could be confused with Bundanba, some time before 1870 the postmistress, Mrs Orr, suggested it change its name to Blackstone after a place in Ireland from where she came.  The mining community considered it demeaning that it was believed the name came from the coal deposits.  However, it was coal and Welsh miners that made Blackstone.  Built in 1886 for Welsh miners and their families, the United Welsh Church on Thomas Street is the only Welsh church in Queensland, and one of only four in Australia.  The church became the centre of social life, and in 1887 it hosted the first Blackstone Eisteddfod, the forerunner of the Queensland Eisteddfod movement.  The timber church was designed by Ipswich architect Samuel Shenton and was constructed on land donated by mine owner Lewis Thomas. Lewis Thomas was born in Tal-y-bont, Ceredigion, and emigrated in 1859.  He arrived in Queensland in 1866 and started coal mining at Tivoli in partnership with other entrepreneurs.  The same year he was also active in Blackstone and in 1870 he abandoned his Tivoli interests to concentrate on what became known as the ‘Aberdare Seam’ in the Bundamba-Blackstone area.  Lewis Thomas brought in Welsh miners and the community soon became overwhelmingly Welsh in character, becoming a separate suburb in 1882.   After making his fortune, Thomas built his m ansion Brynhyfryd (pleasant hill) in Blackstone in 1891.  Designed by George Brockwell Gill and known as the ‘Castle’, the three storey house (see photo, right) consisted of 49 rooms, together with a tower, plus stables, a gardener’s cottage, dairy, and gardens with hothouses filled with exotic plants.  After Thomas’s widow died in 1930, the house was sold and demolished in 1937 in order that the coal resources beneath the property could be exploited.  Some materials from the house were incorporated into other buildings in and around Ipswich.  The United Welsh Church benefited from a pair of glass and cedar doors bearing the name ‘Brynhyfryd’, that have been installed as a screen inside the entrance to the church, whilst a cedar fireplace surround from the house was converted into a combined Welsh pioneers/World War II memorial.  In 1973 the area previously occupied by the mansion was cleared for housing development. The Welsh and coal have now passed into history.  The last underground mine in Ipswich, New Hill at Blackstone, closed down in 1997. Raceview: This is a residential suburb 4 km (2½ miles) south-east of central Ipswich to the south of Eastern Heights and Silkstone, and west of Bundamba Creek.  Early settlers found the soil around Ipswich to be poor and unsuitable for agriculture, and food supplies had to be brought in from outside the area.  Fertile land was found along Bundamba Creek, and Capt. Logan established the first farm here in 1827 known as “Plough Station” because a bullock and plough could be utilised.  Today the site is bounded by Robertson Road and Cascade Street, from Raceview Street down to Bundamba Creek.  After the penal period ended in 1842, the farm lingered on as a government farm run by convicts and officers.  In 1847 there were complaints from the Ipswich residents since Plough Station had enclosed the only area that could be used for grazing, and free farmers said that this amounted to unfair competition.  In 1848 the sheep and cattle were sold and the farm closed. Joshua Peter Bell purchased the farm and the first horse race was held on this land in 1848.  He established a stud called The Grange (at the end of today’s Grange Road) and built a race track and grandstand.  Regular horse racing was held at the track from 1850 to 1876, when the local jockey club moved to the present race course in Bundamba, just west of the creek.  In 1901 the Old Grange Racecourse, then considered part of Silkstone, was sold for housing, and the new residential suburb was named “Raceview”.  This went to the Shire of Moreton in 1916 or 1926*.  In 1949 when this part of the Shire of Moreton was transferred to the City of Ipswich, the southern part of Raceview stayed with the Shire of Moreton to become the new suburb of Flinders View, the boundary being along Edwards Street. * In 1916 the Shire of Bundanda west of Bundamba Creek went to the City of Ipswich and Raceview was then part of that Shire.  However, Raceview was in the Shire of Moreton prior to 1949.  We assume that Raceview was that part of Ipswich transferred to the Shire of Moreton in 1926.  We have not been able to confirm this.       Ebbw Vale: Six km (3½ miles) north-east of central Ipswich, to the east of Bundamba, is the small suburb of Ebbw Vale between the Brisbane Road and the Cunningham Highway.  The colliery of the same name was opened by the Welshman, John Jones, in 1877 and named after that location in Wales.  This suburb was once an important industrial locality with collieries and potteries, but with the closure of these industries it is now largely residential. New  Chum: A little further east across the Cunningham Highway, another coal mine gave its name to a suburb.  The Red Hill mine was opened in 1866, but was abandoned by 1876.  In 1881 James Gulland of the Old Tivoli Mine resumed work at the Red Hill mine.  He established a hamlet for his workers, giving it the name of New Chum and also renamed the mine with the same name, as an encouragement to recent arrivals in the country to settle there and take up mining.  This part of Bundamba became a separate suburb covering a large area between the latter town and Redbank. In  the southernmost part of New Chum to the east of the Cunningham Highway and adjacent to Redland Plain Road is the locality of Cooneana.  This is based on the historical homestead of the same name, comprising 225 ha (557 acres), and is derived from the Aboriginal word meaning “where the ringtail possum sits up”.  Cooenana House was built by Samuel Pearson Welsby shortly after he purchased the property in April 1868.  He was a notable teacher and lay preacher, and his family became prominent in the affairs of Ipswich.  The family retained the homestead until 1975.  In 1997 the Ipswich City Council purchased the property and established Cooneana Homestead and Gardens as a heritage centre.  It became the headquarters of the Ipswich Historical Society; this organisation was founded in 1966 to collect, preserve, and display the social history of the Ipswich region.  The first two specimens of the the Cooneana Olive ( Notelaea ipsviciensis ), a critically endangered species of shrub, were discovered in 1976 in the grounds of the Cooneana Homestead (see Ipswich as a Scientific Name  page). Dinmore: This is a small suburb on the Brisbane to Ipswich railway north of New Chum and east of Ebbw Vale.  Like these communities its early development was around coal mining; the Old Aberdare mine was opened in 1870 by Lewis Thomas of Blackstone. The suburb name is derived from the railway station name given in 1884 by the Railways Department after Dinmore Hill in Hertfordshire, England. Although mining was significant in the early development of the Dinmore area, brickworks and potteries became important. Pottery manufacture began in the 1880s by chance. The original intention was to open a mine shaft, but the clay was of such fine quality that pottery was deemed to be more profitable. Reliance Potteries was established in 1887 on 13 ha (32 acres) of freehold land, and produced pipes and fittings. The mines and potteries have closed, and the area is now largely residential. Riverview: This is a residential suburb north and east of Dinmore between the Warrego Highway and the Bremer River, where it joins the Brisbane River which flows east of the suburb.  Across the Brisbane River is Moggill, reached by ferry.  In 1875 when a station was built on the railway line it was named Moggill Ferry; in 1881 the station was renamed Riverview.  The area was settled for agricultural uses from as early as 1868 (William Ackerley), but in the immediate post World War II years, only a general store and garage are recorded on the Warrego Highway at Riverview.  Urban settlement was first around Moggill Ferry Road, but during the 1970s it spread south of the Highway.   The Moggill Ferry is one of Queensland’s iconic landmarks.  In 1873 a rowing boat ferried people across the river.  A cable ferry service began operations at the site in 1878 when Cobb & Co coaches provided a service between Ipswich and Brisbane by crossing the Brisbane River between the suburbs of Moggill in Brisbane and Riverview in Ipswich.  It was not until the 1940s that a motorised ferry capable of carrying two cars came into service.  This two-car ferry ceased operations in 1978. In June 1979 a new cable-driven ferry  began, capable of carrying up to 20 vehicles per crossing (see photo, left).  During the 2011 Queensland floods the ferry broke free from its cable guidelines.  The suggestion to sink the ferry to prevent it becoming a ‘missile’ was seriously considered during the flood crisis, until the captain managed to secure the vessel to the banks of the Brisbane River.  Since then the State government has been considering replacing the Moggill Ferry by a high level bridge, but this is meeting with much resistance from the local people. Redbank, Redbank Plains & Collingwood Park: To the east of Riverview is the suburb of Redbank.  One of the oldest settlements in the region, Redbank was named by Major Edmund Lockyer in 1825 for the red soil present in the banks of the Brisbane River.  The first European settlement in the area was a temporary convict outstation established on Redbank Plains in 1828.  This became a permanent convict sheep farm in 1832.   Although a road ran from Limestone (Ipswich) through Redbank to Brisbane, the river was the main mode of transport.  It is, therefore, no surprise that, when the area was opened to free settlement in 1842, the river bank became the site of what became known as Redbank Settlement, visited that year by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir George Gipps.  The Petrie family, one of the first free settlers in Brisbane, established a wharf and wool-store there in about 1840.  The family had ambitions to develop a river port to capture the wool trade in competition with Ipswich, but this venture soon failed.  Nevertheless, others followed and the first settlement was on the river flats north of the current railway station in the loop of the Brisbane River.  The settlement was later relocated to its present position south of the railway station because of severe flooding. The river bank also became the site of the oldest recorded coal mine in Queensland.  Andrew Petrie had first discovered coal at Redbank around 1837, but it was John Williams who opened the first mine in 1843 near the junction of Six Mile Creek with the Brisbane River, to supply coal for the paddle steamers.  It was only worked for a short time, and the main Redbank Colliery was opened in 1857.  By 1870, as the Redbank deposits petered out, the Tivoli deposits nearer to Ipswich were more intensively exploited, and mining at the Redbank Colliery ceased.  The site was reworked in the 1880s, and the Redbank Colliery continued until an explosion in 1928 and concerns about the quality of the coal led to the mine’s closure in 1932.  Further activity followed mining, mainly in the 1850s, and the present settlement of Redbank came into being as an industrial location.  Secondary industries included a boiling-down works, abattoirs, meat chilling, and woollen mills.  In 1958 the railway workshops began re-locating from North Ipswich to Redbank, becoming fully operational there in 1965. To  the south of Redbank is the suburb of Redbank Plains.  When free settlement was allowed from 1842, Redbank Plains continued as a farming and grazing area.  Farming settlers increasingly took up lots from the 1850s on the rich alluvial plains.  Maize and potatoes were early crops, though cotton was grown in significant quantities through the 1850s and 1860s, as local farmers sought to exploit global shortages and rising prices brought about by the American Civil War.  An early settler in the area was James Josey, known as the “Father of the Redbank Plains”.  Born in England in 1821, he arrived in Australia in 1840 as a convict, but became one of the biggest landowners in the area.  On his release in 1847 he became a successful timber man at Pine Mountain, and in 1859 Opossum Creek cattle station was established on Redbank Plains by him on an area of some 2833 ha (7000 acres) stocked with about 400 head of cattle.  By 1874 Redbank Plains was a small country village 5 km (3 miles) south of Redbank. By the mid-1960s the urban growth of Ipswich reached to Redbank and housing estates began to be developed, contributing to the emergence of the new suburbs of Redbank Plains and Collingwood Park to the south. Collingwood Park, between the Goodna Creek in the east and Six Mile Creek in the west, was largely owned by the Irish Verrall family as farmland from 1854.  It remained devoid of any development apart from a perimeter road until 1980.  Developers then decided to build a “leafy residential area” in this part of Redbank to contrast with the rest of the highly  industrialised community.  It was given its name by one of the developers in 1982, possibly after the inner suburb of Collingwood in Melbourne, adding “Park” for effect, and it became a suburb separate from Redbank. Goodna: This suburb is right on the eastern edge of the City of Ipswich, bounded on the north by the Brisbane River and by Woogaroo Creek to the east.  The area was the campsite of an aboriginal group, and the location was originally visited in 1823 by an exploration party led by John Oxley who landed to the east of Woogaroo Creek at “Termination Hill” where the hospital now stands.  Building material for the convict settlement at Limestone was quarried at the site in 1826.   However, it was not until 1841 that European settlement began, when a sheep run called Woogaroo Station was established at the mouth of the creek by H.S.Russell and Dr Stephen Simpson.  The latter was the land commissioner and magistrate for the Moreton Bay district, and he chose the site near the mouth of Woogaroo Creek as a strategic location at the meeting-point of various routes and the river.  From 1842 to 1846, Dr Simpson had under his control a body of men known as “The Border Police” and they were housed in barracks on the rise near Termination Hill, and were thus the first European occupants in the district.  In 1851/1852 Dr Simpson purchased 809 ha (2000 acres) of land, and built a new residence which is known today as “Wolston House” and is now a heritage listed building.   Dr Stephen Simpson retired from government office in 1855 and returned to England in 1860.   Simpson’s landholding is now Wolston Park, east of Woogaroo Creek.  The former commissioner’s camp on Termination Hill is now better known as the site of the first publicly-funded, mental health institution in the colony, Woogaroo Lunatic Asylum, established in 1865 on a 48.6 ha (120 acre) horse stud farm owned by Dr Simpson.  In 1880 the hospital was renamed the Goodna Asylum and it is still operational today, known as the The Park Centre for Mental Health, a heritage-listed psychiatric hospital. Despite its significance to the history of Goodna and the surrounding area, Wolston Park and Termination Hill are not part of the City of Ipswich.  They are now located in Wacol and part of Greater Brisbane.  When the administrative structure was established in Queensland in 1859, the Woogaroo Creek became a boundary and this area was lost.  Goodna and Gailes eventually became part of the Shire of Moreton and ended up as part of Ipswich, while the land east of Woogaroo Creek and northwest of the Ipswich Road became part of the Shire of Sherwood that was merged with Greater Brisbane in 1925. Other settlers followed Dr Simpson.  Many sources indicate that Thomas Grenier and family were the first to operate the sheep run at Woogaroo Station in 1841.  This is incorrect as that family was living at Kororareka (now Russell) in New Zealand in 1841, and only came to Australia (South Brisbane) in 1845 when they fled the Maori uprising of that year.  James Holmes was the next notable settler in 1851, and in 1856 a village was laid out by the Brisbane River, west of Woogaroo Creek, and was named Woogaroo, a native word meaning either “a waterhole” or “shady and cool”.  Soon after, another aboriginal word came into use, and from 1865 Goodna superseded the original name.  It was unfortunate that the early settlers had little knowledge of the words that the natives were using, since this means “human excreta” in the Yuggera language.  The Parish of Goodna was a subdivision of the County of Stanley in 1865 and extended to Ipswich, embracing Goodna, Redbank and Bundanba.  In 1879 Goodna became part of the Shire of Purga that was absorbed as part of the Shire of Moreton in 1916. At this early period, residential living at Goodna was by the Brisbane River along tod ay’s Brisbane Terrace, since transportation was then easier by water.  Later, the settlement moved away from the original river site because of frequent flooding and re-located to its present position further south.  Originally a small farming community producing sugar, cotton, livestock and timber, Goodna is now very much a suburb of Ipswich.  Today, Goodna is famous for its yearly Jacaranda Festival, held in Evan Marginson Park at the end of October when the Jacaranda trees are in flower.  The festival was established in 1968 and attracts more than 10,000 people annually.  The Jacaranda is a genus of flowering plants native to Central and South America that has been introduced into Australia and the Pacific region. Gailes: This typical residential suburb was long an outlying area of Goodna, known as Pullen-Pullen Flats; the latter Aboriginal name apparently means “tournament”.  The area was really an extension of the scrubland east of Woogaroo Creek, and was notable for the location of Goodna racecourse, built on Dingo Hill, just east of the present Gailes railway station.  This station is relevant to the naming of the suburb, and the myth surrounding its name.   The railway opened in 1874 and Goodna and Wolston (renamed Wacol in 1927) were the original stations serving this area. However, the racecourse officials persuaded the Railway Department to build an unmanned siding in 1919 to enable the horses to be brought nearer to the race track.  This stop was known as Dingo Hill.  In 1924 a golf course was built and Goodna Golf Club was formed nearby to the station.  It was agreed with the railway that trains could stop at Dingo Hill to allow golfers to disembark.  However, that name and Pullen-Pullen were considered inappropriate for a passenger stop, and the name Goodna had already been taken.  So the station was renamed Gailes in September 1925. This is where the myth starts. It is known that the railway station was named after the Western Gailes Golf Course in Ayrshire, Scotland.  The myth is that the name was given by, or suggested by the wife of the founder of Goodna Golf Club, Dr Henry Byam Ellerton, Medical Superintendent of the Goodna Asylum, after the golf course in Scotland near her birthplace.  This myth is even perpetrated by the official Queensland Government website on place-names.  The facts are correctly stated in the golf club and railway literature.  Dr Ellerton was born in London in 1871.  He had no connection with Scotland nor ever worked in Ayrshire.  Likewise his wife was born in 1880 at Portrush, County Antrim, Northern Ireland, and also had no connection with Scotland.  The name was suggested by a wife, that of James Walker Davidson who was then Queensland’s Commissioner for Railways.  He was born in Glasgow and came to Australia as a young man.  On consulting his wife, she suggested Gailes because Davidson’s brother played at the Western Gailes golf course in Scotland.      With the advent of the new railway station, the Goodna golf course was not at Goodna. It was at Gailes.  So in 1935 the golf club and course also became Gailes. The long-forgotten Goodna Racecourse closed in 1929. And, of course, the new name came to be applied to the whole area in preference to Pullen-Pullen. In fact, Gailes was one of those places in two separate administrations since the golf course and railway station were actually in Greater Brisbane, being northwest of the Ipswich Road, and the rest of the area southeast of that road was part of Goodna, and eventually merged with the City of Ipswich (see Goodna, above).  However, when Gailes became a suburb of Ipswich in 1959, the official municipal boundaries had then to be recognised and the golf club and station were no longer officially part of Gailes, but now part of Wacol in Brisbane, despite continuing to be named Gailes right up until today. The City of Ipswich from 1995 The merger with the Shire of Moreton in 1995 brought in a number of urban and rural communities. URBAN SUBURBS NORTH OF BREMER RIVER North Tivoli: Although considered an extension of Tivoli, the area east of Sandy Creek was in the Shire of Moreton, and thus became a separate suburb.  In 1864 coal seams exposed on the eastern banks of the creek led to the opening of the Davie’s mine, and coal mines were soon operating in this general area.  A couple of heritage features off the Crosby Road are a part of this industrial legacy: the former Abermain Power Station and the Haighmoor Coke Ovens.   The Abermain Power Station was a 10 MW coal fired ‘package power station’, which meant a complete power station supplied by one supplier.  It came into service early in 1953.  It stood adjacent to the Haighmoor Colliery and was the first power station in Queensland to be located on a coalfield, and one of the first in Australia to use a cooling tower system.  It was decommissioned in 1967. The Haighmoor Colliery opened in the 1870s.  The coal from this mine was suitable for coking and the Haighmoor Coke Ovens are 18 beehive coke ovens built in a double row battery in 1897 and appear to have been used until the 1970s.  There were over 300 coke ovens built in the North Ipswich coalfield, and the Haighmoor ones are rare surviving examples and the best preserved.  Coke was used for combustion with little or no smoke, making it a desirable fuel for stoves as a substitute for coal. Chuwar: A large semi-residential suburb, 8 km (5 miles) north-east of central Ipswich, lying between a horseshoe bend of the Brisbane River to the north and the suburb of Tivoli in the south.  The suburb of Karalee is to the east.  This Aboriginal name was chosen by the colonial surveyor James Warner in 1848 as a subdivision (parish) name.  Unfortunately, no record of its meaning is recorded.  The area was occupied by farmers, and it was not until 1886 that a settlement was planned with this name around the intersection of Mt Crosby and Junction Roads.  This never really developed, and there is not a central focus for this locality.  The popular College’s Crossing Recreational Reserve  is in this suburb (see separate section above). The Westbank water treatment plant and the Blackwall electricity substation were built in the northern part of the suburb in the 1980s.  Since these major installations were constructed to meet the increasing demands of Brisbane, in 2000 Chuwar was divided along the Blackwall Road and the northern part in the horseshoe bend of the Brisbane River was transferred to the City of Brisbane (see The Ones That Got Away  page). Karalee & Barellan Point: Two residential and semi-rural suburbs, 10 km (6 miles) north-east of central Ipswich, lying between the Brisbane and Bremer Rivers.  The names are aboriginal: Karalee means “pretty hill beside the water or grass near a waterhole”; Barellan means “meeting of the waters”.Karalee is a large suburb stretching between the two rivers.  In 1848 Richard Joseph Smith from Leicester, England, opened a boiling-down plant at the subdivision of Chuwar on the north bank of the Bremer River.  This was known as Town Marie, named after his wife, and it was a self contained industrial village with a boiling-down works, a sawmill, owner’s house and homes for workmen.  Its location was near the present-day Karalee Shopping Village on Junction Road and it stretched down to the river.  Boiling-down was a process that converted carcasses into a fat (tallow) used to make candles.  Not only was it smelly, but the works used to discharge their waste into the river.  This caused obvious pollution, and also constituted a serious obstruction to navigation - it was not unknown for steamers to run aground on huge piles of bones that had been thrown into the river.  As a result of the economic depression of the 1860s, the boiling-down works had to be sold in 1866. The name Town Marie stayed on but the area became one of dairy and farm holdings.  In 1969 these began to be bought up and the land divided into small acreage building blocks.  House building started in the early 1970s but was severely affected by the flooding of the Brisbane River and the Bremer River in 1974.   After these floods, development slowed as the authorities decided that many of the blocks were unsuitable for houses.  Nevertheless, in 1973 a new suburb was created from Chuwar, and Town Marie was renamed Karalee. The south-west sector of the Karalee area is Barellan Point, a tongue of land where the Bremer River joins the Brisbane River, officially recognised as a suburb in 1981.  It is a residential and recreational area, previously used mainly for dairying.  The extreme point is an official “locality” since 1978, long known unofficially as Bremer Junction or The Junction.  This is the area where the rivers meet adjacent to the Joseph Brady Park.  In the early 20th century it was a popular day trip site for picnics, paddle steamer rides and large family gatherings.  The park is named after the Engineer of Harbours and Ports in 1865, who began to build a stone wall into the river at this point.  The stone wall can clearly be seen at low tide.  It is the remains of a scheme to raise the water level of the Bremer River to assist navigation, particularly across the bar of the Bremer River at its junction with the Brisbane River.  Joseph Brady started work on the wall, but it was abandoned, particularly when it became clear that the railway would soon supersede river transport. URBAN SUBURBS WEST OF IPSWICH Brassall: A suburb 5 km (3 miles) northwest of the city centre, located west of North Ipswich, centred around the Mihi Creek, a northern tributary of the Bremer River.  Drovers used the creek to water their herds.  As this was the main stock route, the continual animal traffic meant that there was not enough time for the grass to recover, and there was therefore insufficient vegetation available for the animals.  For this reason it was known as ‘Hungry Flat’.  In October 1851 surveyor James Warner reviewed the land and he introduced the names Mihi Creek and Brassall.  The reasons for these names are not known.   In 1860 Brassall constituted a Parish in the County of Churchill.  From 1879 it was a separate administrative Division of Brassall, and from 1903 the Shire of Brassall.  The council met at North Ipswich.  The Shire of Brassall was quite extensive since it included the former Ipswich suburbs immediately to the north of the Brisbane River (Kholo and Mount Crosby), those areas of Chuwar between the Bremer and Brisbane Rivers, and reached down to present-day Leichhardt and One Mile west of the Bremer River.  However, in 1916 the Shire of Brassall was divided between the City of Ipswich and the new Shire of Ipswich (Moreton). The division of 1916 resulted in the loss of its industrial estates at Tivoli and the areas adjacent to North Ipswich, and thereafter Brassall reverted to an area of small farms, as it had been in 1860, now within the Shire of Moreton.  Eventually, Ipswich’s metropolitan growth crossed into Brassall in the 1970s and there was considerable residential growth around the Warrego Highway in the 1990s.  Finally, in 1995 the merger of Moreton and Ipswich made Brassall a suburb of the latter city.  The suburb is the site of the Haig Street Quarry Bushland Reserve  (see separate section above). Wulkuraka: The next suburb between Brassall and Leichhardt, west of the Bremer River is 3 km (2 miles) from the city centre, and south of the Ironpot Creek, which became the boundary when Wulkuraka was designated a separate suburb from Brassall in 1991.  As at 2013 it is still relatively undeveloped with much bushland scenery.   The suburb is better known for its role in the railway development in Queensland.  The original line to Bigges Camp ran via North Ipswich before crossing the Mihi Creek and then turning southwest towards today’s Wulkuraka.  In 1875 the first six kilometres were replaced by a new line that ran directly west from central Ipswich and crossed the Bremer River at Sadliers Crossing.  It became necessary to raise the level of the Sadliers Crossing Rail Bridge so flood waters could not inundate it, as happened in 1893, so a new bridge was built in 1902.  It is a rare example of a large metal truss rail bridge that has not been substantially changed since its completion and, hence, it has been given heritage status. Between 1884 and 1913 a branch line was constructed from today’s Wulkuraka to Yarraman in the Upper Brisbane Valley.  A station was built known as the Brisbane Valley Junction.  In June 1905 the Railways Department renamed it Wulkuraka.   It is thought that the name is derived from an Aboriginal expression describing ‘a red flowering gum tree’ or even ‘a group of kookaburras’.  The Brisbane Valley Railway ceased operations in 1993.  It is now the 161 km (100 mile) Brisbane Valley Rail Trail for walkers, cyclists and horse riders.    Amberley: The small community of Amberley is situated to the south west of Ipswich.  It was originally called Three Mile Creek, but it was more commonly known as ‘The Sand Ridge’ because of a difficult terrain for horse drawn vehicles and bullock drays.  The area was originally part of Jeebropilly (see further below), but was officially named Amberley in 1903 from the name of the farm of early settlers, James Edwin and Martha Collett.* Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) Amberley is situated approximately 8 km (5 miles) to the south west of Ipswich.  The land on which the base stands was purchased in 1938 and became Queensland’s first air force base when it opened in June 1940.  During the years 1942 -1943, Amberley became a major base for the American Air Force. Today  3,500 people are employed at the base.  Up until 2010, RAAF Amberley was probably best known as the home of the F-111 strike aircraft.  The F-111 has now been retired and the base is home to the F/A 18 Super Hornet Fighters. (See also City of Ipswich  aircraft sections on the Ips Misc. page)  *Most sources state that this was after “their home village in Sussex, England”.  However, we beg to differ.  It is true that the Amberley in Sussex is better known because of its medieval castle, but the author of this piece actually lives in another Amberley, in Gloucestershire.  The online Collett Family website indicates that (James) Edwin and Martha Collett came from the Gloucestershire Amberley.  Our research supports this.  In 1849 Edwin Collett married Martha Ann Baston in Stroud, Gloucestershire.  The 1851 Census for England shows Edwin Collett, aged 31, and his wife Martha, aged 22, living at Woodchester.  This village is adjacent to and part of the larger parish of Amberley, Gloucestershire.  There are no Colletts living at the Sussex Amberley in 1851.  The family emigrated to Australia in 1857, and do not appear in the 1861 Census in England.  The headstones in the Stone Quarry Cemetery at Jeebropilly clearly show their names and ages matching this record: Edwin Collett d. 1896, aged 77, and his wife Martha Ann d.1897, aged 68.  Conclusion: their home village was Amberley in Gloucestershire, England. URBAN SUBURBS SOUTH OF IPSWICH  Yamanto: A residential suburb, 5 km (3 miles) south of central Ipswich.  It lies along the south bank of the Bremer River, south of the suburb of Churchill, extending between Amberley and the Warrill Creek in the west, to the Deebing Creek and  Flinders View in the east.  It is bounded on the south by the Cunningham Highway. The area seems to have been virgin soil until October 1863 when George Challinor, who had emigrated from England in 1849 and arrived at Ipswich in 1857, started a cotton plantation which he named Yamahanto.  No reason has been given for this name.  He worked the plantation until 1870, when the revival of the American cotton industry after the Civil War rendered the cultivation of this crop unprofitable.  By this time other farmers had arrived in the area, and the property was sold.   In 1881 a branch railway line was constructed from Ipswich to Harrisville (the Fassifern or Dungandan Line), and a station was built that was named Yamahato or alternatively Yahmahato or Yahmahnto.  However, ostensibly to avoid confusion with the nearby property of Yamahanto (but probably because nobody could spell the name properly), in 1903 the station was renamed Mine Accident.  Obviously such an inappropriate name never caught on, and in 1907 the name Loamside was given to the railway station.  This is said to be a corruption of Leamside, the name suggested by Thomas West, who owned the land, after the place in Co. Durham, England, where he was married in 1878.  The locality in the southwest of the suburb is still called Loamside.  The railway and Loamside station were closed in 1964.  Attempts to change the old name had not succeeded and eventually the spelling settled on Yamanto.  In July 1978 this was officially recognised as the locality and later suburb name. In 1959 the Shire of Moreton purchased 11 ha (27½ acres) to build a new Council Office which was opened on 4th March 1961.  This was on a site in Yamanto.  Some sources state that the Council Office was in Churchill; in fact it was in Warwick Road, between the municipal boundary of Ipswich and Winston Street in Yamanto, and therefore just over the boundary in the Shire of Moreton.  The confusion arises from the continued usage of the old administrative areas for land purposes whereby the site was in the “Parish of Purga, County of Churchill”.    There was nothing much except a couple of local abattoirs, a brickworks and the Ipswich sanitary depot at Yamanto until the early 1980s when housing estates began in this suburb.  With the construction of the Cunningham Highway and the expansion of the nearby RAAF Base at Amberley, by 2010 Yamanto was inevitably part of the urban growth development associated with the adjacent Ripley Valley project.  Flinders View: This is a residential suburb 4 km (2½ miles) south-east of central Ipswich immediately south of Raceview, of which it was part until 1949.  It was officially named in 1976, although the area was known by this name long before, and it originates from being able to see Flinders Peak from the suburb.  This is the summit of the Teviot Range reaching 679 m (2,228 ft) above sea level.  The Shire of Moreton encouraged urban development in the suburbs along the edge of Ipswich in the 1980s.  Ripley: Travelling west from the suburbs of Redbank Plains and Springfield there are several rural localities south of the Cunningham Highway: Ripley, South Ripley, Deebing Heights and Swanbank.   These are located in the area designated as Ripley Valley.  The origin of its name is unrecorded and its original location was much further south (see South Ripley, below). In 2000 Ripley was gazetted as a suburb with South Ripley as a rural locality.   In 2012 Ripley in its current form existed as a small housing estate of under 1,000 residents between the Centenary Highway and the Cunningham Highway, south of Flinders View and west of Bundamba Creek and Swanbank.  However, the area is part of the Queensland metropolitan western growth corridor project to alleviate expected and forecast population growth of the existing communities along the coast.  The Ripley Valley Urban Development Area (UDA) was declared on 8 October 2010 and covers a total area of 4,680 ha (11,564 acres).  Once the area is fully developed, Ripley is expected to have a population of 120,000 people with an estimated 50,000 residential dwellings, with suitable land for new business and industrial developments.  Work began in October 2012, the first residents are expected to occupy homes in 2014 with full development of the project by 2057. URBAN SUBURBS EAST OF IPSWICH  The following urban suburbs are located east of the Woogaroo Creek and were originally part of the Parish of Woogaroo that was eventually absorbed into the Shire of Waterford.  On 16 August 1930 this area was transferred to the Shire of Moreton. Carole Park is a suburb southeast of Gailes and the easternmost part of the City of Ipswich.  It is only 19 km (12 miles) south west of the Brisbane central business district.  Carole Park was originally a very rural part of Gailes with a few farms, and stayed with the Shire of Moreton when Ipswich expanded in this direction in 1949.  Electricity did not reach the area until 1965 and this finally brought urban expansion.  An industrial estate and housing development, with residents finding employment on the industrial estate, were built.  The name Carole Park Estate was applied in the 1949-51 period when the area was first subdivided on paper by the developer, and it is said to have been named after his grandmother.  In 1972 the area was designated a suburb.  The construction of the Logan Motorway in 1988 separated the residential section of Carole Park from the industrial.  When the Shire of Moreton was merged with the City of Ipswich in 1995, the motorway provided the alignment for a new boundary between Ipswich and Brisbane; the industrial side became part of Ipswich and the residential area went to Brisbane, thus dividing Carole Park between two different administrations.  In May 2010, in order to avoid confusion, the residential part of Carole Park in Brisbane changed its name to, and merged with, the adjacent suburb of Ellen Grove in Brisbane. Camira: A suburb south of Carole Park built in the 1970s between Woogaree Creek and Sandy Creek.  It was formally named in 1972 and the Aboriginal word from an unknown source is said to mean “windy”.  The suburb originally covered a much larger area to the south and west, but those areas were detached to become Bellbird Park and part of the Greater Springfield Development (see below).  Camira adjoins the 4,500 ha (11,119 acres) Greenbank Military Camp, established in 1941 for the use of American troops during World War II, and still used today as a live training facility for the Australian Defence Force.  The suburb also contains the Camira Bora Ring  (see separate section above). Bellbird Park: Immediately south of Goodna and east of Redbank Plains, this area was a rural, undeveloped area in the western part of Camira.  It had first been farmed by Lewis Jones and family in 1864 and had remained an agricultural area.  After the 1974 floods, developers saw its residential potential and began building housing estates.  The area was named after bellbirds that had once been heard along Woogaroo Creek, but had now retreated southwards into undeveloped scrubland.  In 1984 it became a separate suburb.   Greater Springfield Development: On the south-western outskirts of the City of Ipswich, east of the suburb of Redbank Plains, is Australia’s first privately built city.  It is situated on what was a hilly, forested landscape between the headwaters of Woogaroo Creek, Opossum Creek and Sandy Creek that drain the northern slope of Spring Mountain (355m; 1,164 ft), from which the development takes its name. The Greater Springfield project is the vision of Maha Sinnathamby, a Malaysian Australian businessman and property developer of Tamil ancestry, and chairman of the Springfield Land Corporation.  In 1992 he acquired a 28.5 sq km (11 sq mls) parcel of land for the new suburb of Springfield, planned to have 15,000 home sites, a 200 ha (494 acres) town centre, a research and development centre, 1,000 ha (2,471 acres) of open space and a golf course.  One third of the development area has been designated as open space and conservation areas with numerous lakeside facilities.  The population of the Greater Springfield area in 2016 was 24,835, with a projected 105,000 people by 2030.  It is Australia’s largest master planned city and community development project, and is currently the country’s fastest growing city.  Springfield was specifically designed and located near enough to Brisbane to attract commuters and reduce population growth along the coastal strip of Queensland.  Maha Sinnathamby’s project has received global acknowledgement and Springfield has been named the world’s best master-planned community. The development has six projected suburbs, five of which have already been officially recognised as urban suburbs.  Running south from Camira is Springfield, north of the Centenary Highway, and immediately south of the Highway is Springfield Lakes, built around lakes constructed on Opossum Creek, both gazetted as suburbs in 2000.  Springfield Central (gazetted 2007), adjacent to the Highway, contains the main shopping centre and university campus.  Brookwater (2003) is described as a ‘residential golf community’.  It is separated from its larger neighbour, Springfield, by the Opossum Creek.  Between Brookwater and Redbank Plains is Augustine Heights (2003), built around Woogaroo Creek.  This suburb and St Augustine’s College are named after St Augustine.  Although non-denominational, there is a strong emphasis on the Catholic Christian faith within this community.  The sixth suburb, Spring Mountain, is south of the Centenary Highway and is at present an undeveloped rural locality between the White Rock Conservation Park and Spring Mountain Forest Park. OTHER URBAN AREAS  Walloon: About 13 km (8 miles) from central Ipswich, this town is so near that since the 1980s it has been considered an outer suburb of the city. It had a population of 1,588 in 2016. The location was called Ten Mile Peg because of its approximate distance from Ipswich along the old cart track.  It was one of the original stations on the Ipswich to Grandchester railway (1865), and the station was given the name Walloon by the Railways Department.  This is believed to be because a number of early settlers in the immediate neighbourhood came from southern Belgium.  It was not until 1877, when coal was found just north of the station and the Walloon Saloon was built, that a proper settlement developed.  It became an urban area with an economy based on dairying and coal mining.  Mining continued until 1960 but, a short while after this date, Walloon began to develop as a residential, commuter suburb within easy reach of Ipswich. From 1879 to 1916 there was a Division  of Walloon (from 1903 Shire of Walloon) as the local government authority to the west of Ipswich, stretching from Ipswich to Rosewood, with Marburg serving as the administrative seat of the Shire.  In 1890 the southern portion was detached to become the Shire of Rosewood (see below).  The Shire of Walloon extended beyond the present boundaries of the city further north into the Brisbane Valley around Lowood.  In 1912 this northern part became the separate Shire of Lowood and in 1916 this became part of the Shire of Esk. In 1916 the Shire of Walloon was divided between the Shire of Rosewood and the new Shire of Ipswich (Moreton), with the present-day urban area of Walloon becoming part of the Shire of Ipswich (Moreton).     Rosewood: This urban centre is around 17 km (10 miles) west of Ipswich, and has a population of  2,834 (2016).  Its name derives from the Rosewood Scrub.  This was a huge tract of dense forest stretching 20 km (13 miles) northwards from present-day Rosewood to Fernvale, first sighted by John Oxley and Allan Cunningham when they were exploring southern Queensland in 1824.  The explorer Ludwig Leichhardt gave it this name in 1844 after the rosewood tree or dry vine shrub ( Acacia harpophylla ).  Because of its density, the Rosewood Scrub was considered impenetrable, so the early explorers and settlers avoided this area. The present site was first settled in 1864 when the railway was being built between Ipswich and Grandchester; the first resident is believed to have been John Farrel who operated the railway gates, but further settlement did not really begin until the 1870s when the Rosewood Scrub was exploited for its valuable timber, followed by dairying.  The first coal mine in the area was opened in 1877.  The nearby New Oakleigh mine was the second last coal mine still operating in the City of Ipswich region. The mine was closed in January 2013.  Rosewood developed into a small urban centre because of its location on the railway.  This was further emphasised in the late 20th century when it became a residential area for commuters to Ipswich and Brisbane.   Situated on the corner of Langfield Road and John Street is Glendalough; an early 20th century timber house built by Thomas Bulcock.  It is listed on the Australian heritage register.  Also in Rosewood is St Brigid’s Catholic Church.  It was built in 1910 and is the largest wooden church in Queensland. In  1890 the Division of Rosewood (from 1903 Shire of Rosewood) was established as the local government area for the large expanse of territory west of Ipswich.  It then extended beyond the present western boundaries of the city.  In 1905 the Shire of Rosewood and Shire of Mutdapilly merged to become the new Shire of Rosewood.  A further re-division of territories in 1916 saw the loss of the westernmost portion to the Shire of Laidley, while most of the Shire of Walloon came to Rosewood.  In 1949 the Shire of Rosewood lost its separate identity when it was absorbed into the Shire of Moreton. In the Rosewood suburb is Perry’s Knob, an isolated ridge that is a remnant basalt left by volcanic activity, as seen on the adjacent postcard.   It was named after the Perry family who owned the ridge.  It used to be a haunt of bushrangers, and a former stop on the now disused Rosewood-Marburg railway.  There was some mining in the vicinity from 1927 to 1969.  However, it is probably better known for the way the second part of the name has exercised the minds of officialdom and the local populace.  The locals insist that the name has always been spelt without the letter ‘k’, i.e. Perry’s Nob.  However, the authorities insist on officially spelling it with a ‘k’, so Knob it is. Marburg: A rural town on the Warrego Highway, 34 km (21 miles) from Ipswich with a population of 595 (2016).  Marburg was once covered by the Rosewood Scrub.  Sam and Sally Owens were the first graziers to establish themselves here in 1842.  However the family is said to have become more famous in the area because of their illegal alcoholic drinks rather than their sheep.  Nevertheless, the first name for the area became Sally Owen’s Plains, although the name Rosewood Scrub was also commonly used.   In the 1860s the surrounding Rosewood Scrub was utilised for its vast timber reserves, but in 1868 the area was described as “still a wilderness”.  That year Charles Smith carved out the Woodlands Estate, and he was followed in the early 1870s by German farmers.  One of these, J L Friedrich, arrived in 1866 from Prussia, opened a store and Anglicised his name to Frederick.  In 1876 J L Frederick made an application for Sally Owen’s Plains to have a school.  When this was opened in 1879 the Postmaster General named the settlement that had arisen around the school and store Frederick after the applicant.  Around the same time the German settlers were carting their produce to Walloon Railway Station, and they had to provide a home town address.  They decided on Marburg in the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau, and the railway authorities took this up.  In 1881 the “Marburg Hotel” opened, thus the name had come into use unofficially.  In 1888 Frederick officially became Marburg; it served as the administrative seat of the Shire of Walloon until 1917.  Because of anti-German feelings during the First World War, the name of the town was changed to Townsend in June 1917 in honour of the British general Sir Charles Townshend, who fought the Turks in Mesopotamia (now Iraq) in 1916.  The locals never supported the change and on 1st January 1920 it reverted to Marburg. The timber, sugar cane and dairy industries put Marburg on its feet.  This was largely down to the Woodlands Estate established by Charles Smith who, by the early 1880s, had installed a sawmill, a sugar mill and a rum distillery.  Many of the German farmers supplied the mill with cane, but within a few seasons it was found that rainfall was too low for good production.  Farmers turned to maize and dairying, although the mill continued to operate until 1918.  The son of Charles Smith, Thomas Lorimer Smith, built the heritage-listed Woodlands Mansion in Marburg.  One of the most distinctive buildings in Queensland, it was built between 1888 and 1891 by the architect George Brockwell Gill.  It is a plantation-style mansion featuring a square tower and elaborate lacework verandahs.  Today it is a restaurant and is available as a venue for weddings, conferences and functions. In  1912 a railway line from Rosewood to Marburg was opened but only a few years later the railway began to suffer from the competition of highway traffic.  The railway line passed nine working coal mines in the 1940s, as well as dairy farms and timber cutting on the distant ranges.  It survived until 1965 when the line was closed. As  dairying declined after World War II, so too did Marburg’s population; from a population of over 600 in 1954 to fewer than 400 by the late 1960s.  When the Warrego Highway was upgraded in the 1960s, most of the traffic from Brisbane to Toowoomba passed Marburg without stopping, and subsequently the level of business activity in the town declined.  Since the 1980s the population has recovered somewhat, as Marburg has much to offer people seeking a rural residential lifestyle within commuting distance of Ipswich. Grandchester: The urban area of Grandchester, located in the Lockyer Valley between Ipswich and Toowoomba, is quite small, with a population of 444 in 2016.  It is 34 km (21 miles) west of Ipswich.   The Ugarapul Aboriginals called the area ‘Googabilla’ which means “honey”, and until the 1850s held corroborees on what is now the Recreation Grounds.  The area was first explored by Allan Cunningham in 1829.  Cunningham’s party camped beside what is now known as the Railway Lagoon while searching for the source of the Brisbane River.  From about 1842 this campsite became known as Bigge’s Camp after two brothers, Frederick and Francis Bigge, who established it as a stopover on the way north to their Mount Brisbane Sheep Station.  The first settlers in the area were Thomas and Maria Mort who took up the Franklyn Vale run in 1849 to the south of Grandchester along the Western Creek tributary of the Bremer River.  Descendants of the Morts still live at Franklin Vale today (see below).  Various inns were later established at Bigge’s Camp to cater for the needs of travellers, the first of these being opened by a Frenchman, Wellmand Prosper Douyere, in 1854. However, it was the railway that really established the settlement.  Since there was already an efficient river communication between Ipswich and Brisbane, there was an urgent need for a connection to the Darling Downs in the west.  For this reason the first railway line to be built in Queensland ran west from Ipswich to Bigge’s Camp.  This was the first narrow gauge mainline railway in the world.  When it was opened on 31st July 1865, Governor Bowen thought that the terminus of such an historic railway should have a more dignified name so he suggested Grandchester, a name which means great or large camp (from Latin castra ).  Grandchester has the oldest surviving railway station in Queensland built in 1866 and it is heritage listed.   Just to the south of Grandchester is Spicers Hidden Vale.  Set on a 12,000 acre working cattle station, Spicers Hidden Vale (formerly Peppers Hidden Vale Retreat) is now a hotel, restaurant and conference centre of the Spicer Group of luxury retreats, which also offers bushwalking, horse riding, clay pigeon shooting and orienteering.  It was once owned by Alfred Cotton, whose son, Sidney, is said to have been the inspiration for Ian Fleming’s James Bond character.  The estate was once part of the historic Franklyn Vale (see Mount Mort below) and was taken up in 1871 by John Jost who used it for breeding cattle, sheep and racehorses.  It then became known as Jost Vale.  In 1900 it was sold to Alfred Cotton and the surrounding locality became the present Cottonvale.  He was the first to take up residency in the valley and it is said that his wife suggested the name Hidden Vale.     RURAL LOCALITIES SOUTH OF THE CENTRAL URBAN AREA TO WARRILL CREEK Spring Mountain: South of the Centenary Highway between the White Rock Conservation Park and Spring Mountain Forest Park.  This is at present an undeveloped rural locality destined to be the sixth suburb of the Greater Springfield Development (see above). White Rock: This locality was established immediately west of Springfield and Woogaroo Creek in 2007. It includes a large conservation area (see White Rock - Spring Mountain Conservation Estate  section, above).  The name refers to a prominent pale-coloured sandstone outcrop, the major feature of the Conservation Park, which is of high cultural significance to the indigenous Yuggerapul people.  Swanbank: This is a predominantly industrial locality 5.5 km (3½ miles) southwest of Ipswich centre, south of the Cunningham Highway.  The Bundamba Creek bisects the area and the dominant natural feature is the Swanbank Lagoon, which had previous names of Logan Lagoon and Josey’s Lagoon.  The origin of the present name is from Lanark, Scotland.  James Foote (d. 1895) arrived at Ipswich in 1850 from England and became a partner of the general store and emporium, Cribb and Foote.  He was an alderman and mayor of Ipswich.  In about 1870 he purchased a large piece of land including the lagoon and named the property Swanbank after the birthplace of his wife, Catherine.  Her maternal family name was Swan and ‘Swanbank’ was probably a house-name, since no location exists of that name, and official records indicate that the Swan family was resident in the town of Lanark. Swanbank was part of the suburb of Blackstone at the time and adjoined its coalfields.  At present Swanbank has the remains of several collieries, a heritage railway line and a power station.  The original Swanbank Colliery opened in 1892, and a spur railway line was built over the Box Flat to carry the coal from these rich fields.  In July 1972, the Box Flat Mine experienced an explosion which took the lives of 18 men.  The incident was the worst mining disaster in Ipswich’s history.  After the explosion the mine closed and the entrances were sealed.  A bridge on the Centenary Highway is named in honour of the lives lost in the disaster. The Swanbank power stations have been operational since 1966. At first these were coal-fired and the Box Flat Mine was then the main supplier. However, with the move towards cleaner fuels, the two coal-fired power stations had been decommissioned by the end of 2012, and Swanbank E is fuelled by natural gas and methane gas, some of the gas being drawn from a landfill site. Swanbank has been a major local employer and has played a significant role in supporting the growth of the region as well as providing a reliable electricity supply for Queensland. Swanbank also has a preserved railway line and heritage station.  The Queensland Pioneer Steam Railway conduct steam train trips on the Swanbank Branch Line to the Swanbank power station, and around Swanbank rail balloon loop which used to be used to service the coal needs of Swanbank power station.  A balloon loop allows a train to reverse direction without having to shunt or even stop. South Ripley: The New District Atlas  for Queensland (1878) showed Ripley as a small locality, just west of the Bundamba Lagoon.  By 1972 Ripley had moved north to the locality that is now described as South Ripley, and encloses the headwaters of the Bundamba Creek and extends north to the Centenary Highway.  In 2000 the area north of the Centenary Highway was gazetted as a suburb, leaving South Ripley as a rural locality. Ripley’s western boundary is Deebing Creek, and beyond it there is Deebing Heights.  Deebing is from the Aboriginal ‘dibing’ meaning a mosquito.  Deebing Heights has a small housing estate near the Cunningham Highway and is part of the above project.  Deebing has been a settlement since Queensland’s early colonial history, but was only gazetted as a locality within Purga in 2000, and a rural suburb in 2004.   It is the location of the heritage listed Deebing Creek Mission Aboriginal Reserve. This was founded by the Aboriginal Protection Society of Ipswich on 52.6 ha (130 acres) in 1887 to cater for the Aboriginal people from the Ipswich area.  At that time the Aborigines were camped in Queens Park, Ipswich.  They went from door to door as beggars seeking food, and were often under the influence of alcohol.  In order to address these concerns and basically to remove them from the public parks, the society looked around for land suitable to set up accommodation for them, and to allow the Aborigines to become self-sufficient.  In 1892 the reserve was officially proclaimed under the management of the missionary Rev. Edward Fuller.  Although some 300 Aboriginal people went through Deebing Creek during its existence, there was no requirement for them to remain in residence at the mission.  Because residence was purely voluntary, some of the people went into town and obtained alcohol and reverted to camping at Queens Park.  It was felt that the Deebing Creek mission was not far enough out of town, and in November 1914 a grant was made to assist the transfer of the mission from Deebing Creek to reserve land at Purga, where there was an abundance of good agricultural land at a greater distance from the town.  In 1915 the mission was relocated to Purga. From the closing of the reserve, the suburb remained largely undeveloped until the 1990s when the present housing estate was built.Purga: This rural suburb 14 km (8 miles) south of Ipswich played a much larger role in the past.  Today the Warrill Creek forms its northern and western boundary and it straddles the Purga Creek north of Peak Crossing, once another rural suburb of Ipswich.  The name ‘Purga’ is an Aboriginal word describing ‘a meeting place’. The Parish of Purga was an original subdivision of the County of Churchill in 1850 covering the area to the west of the Deebing Creek which included today’s suburbs of Churchill and Yamanto.  The Rev. Dr William Lambie Nelson from Scotland purchased land at Purga in the 1850s, but the first real settler in the rural heartland was James Dick in 1862.  However, those areas nearer to Ipswich saw urban development, particularly at Churchill.  When the colonial government created the local government divisions in 1879, this subdivision was extended to the northeast, and as the Shire of Purga it stretched all the way to Bundamba to include the industrial suburbs of Blackstone, New Chum, Dinmore and much of Bundamba itself, and also the suburbs of Riverview, Redbank, Redbank Plains and Goodna.  Although Purga village was rural, the shire had an area of 300 sq km (116 sq miles) and was substantially urban with numerous coalmines.  Its council offices were in Bundamba.  In 1916 the Shire of Purga was divided between the City of Ipswich and the new Shire of Ipswich (Moreton), and the present-day settlement emerged as a rural suburb on the outskirts of the city. In  1914 the Aboriginal Reserve mission at Deebing Creek was relocated to Purga, and from 1921 it was run by the Salvation Army.  It had a school, several huts, a church and an aboriginal cemetery.  However, it was never a success and by 1947 its buildings were dilapidated, the agricultural land was no longer utilised and the few inhabitants of the mission showed little real interest in continuing the venture.  The place resembled a ghost town, so in June 1948 the Purga mission was closed and the reserve status of the land was rescinded.  The mission site, cemetery and church are listed on the Queensland heritage register.Goolman: This locality, gazetted in 2000, is an area of isolated farmsteads southeast of Purga.  The original homestead derived this name from the mountain to the south in the Teviot Range, and is an Aboriginal word in the Yugarabal language meaning ‘a stone axe’.  The rocky outcrop is said to resemble a stone axe, and the name was recorded by the surveyor Granville Stapylton in 1839. SOUTH WEST OF THE CENTRAL URBAN AREA Willowbank: A rural area around the Cunningham Highway 12 km (7½miles) southwest of central Ipswich.  A large sheep and cattle station was established c.1855 by Darby McGrath from Ireland on the northwest side of Warrill Creek.  The homestead was located on what is now Amberley Air Force Base, near the banks of the creek which was prolific with willow trees - hence the name “Willow Bank”.  In February 1890 the property was surveyed into smaller parcels and auctioned off to the public, although the area continued to be known as the “Willow Bank Estate”.  The name Willowbank was used by the telephone office in the district in 1956, and this became the official name of the locality on 15th October 1983. Willowbank village exists as a residential community on the south-west perimeter of RAAF Base Amberley and is populated extensively by Defence families and those families associated with the air base. The Ipswich Motorsport Precinct  is also in this locality (see separate section above). Jeebropilly & Ebenezer:  These two rural localities are in the area south of the Ipswich-Rosewood Road just west of Amberley that has seen extensive major open-cast coal mining.  The Aboriginal name for the area was Jeebropilly said to mean either “flying squirrel gully” or “swampy place”, and it was an original parish of the County of Churchill extending around present-day Amberley and the territory to the west.  This area was part of the large Rosebrook run taken up by Donald McLaughlin in 1843 and acquired by George Thorn in 1845.   Aboriginal people used to gather at the Old Man Waterhole.  This became the Seven Mile Creek where bullock wagons crossed the Bremer River on their way to the Darling Downs.  An inn called The Red Lion was established at the crossing by 1850, and early pioneers soon established their homes nearby.  One of the first settlers was John Armstrong from Ireland in 1852.  He took up 33 ha (82 acres) of land at Seven Mile in 1856.  The family built their first hut near the riverbank; it was flooded and they moved to higher land.  In 1868 with the passing of the Homestead Act other settlers built homes and established farms on small portions of land that fronted the Bremer River.  Seven Mile Creek became a preaching place of the Methodist Church in 1863, and in 1868 the government started the Seven Mile Creek State Primary School.  However, frequent flooding by the river caused many of the settlers to move to higher land a little further to the south, and in 1873 the school followed them.  In 1882 a church was constructed opposite the school and it was named the Wesleyan Methodist Ebenezer Church. The name Ebenezer is the Hebrew word meaning “The Rock of Help”.  Although the settlement still retained the name Seven Mile Creek it was no longer by the river, and in 1888 the school and locality took the name Ebenezer from the church.   The area remained largely agricultural although mining on a relatively small scale started in the 1870s through to the early 1970s to supply the nearby Queensland Rail and some domestic usage.  The advent of diesel locomotives and natural gas saw the demise of these small mines.  However, this changed in the 1980s when large-scale open-cut mining of Walloon coal for both domestic power generation and export markets began at two collieries.  The Jeebropilly coal mine became operational in 1982, and the Ebenezer mine in 1988.  The continued production of coal struggled in the face of high costs and weak commodity prices, and the Ebenezer mine was closed in 2003 and the Jeebropilly colliery ceased operations in 2007.  Because of high export prices, the Jeebropilly coal mine started up again in 2009, but plans to make the Ebenezer coal mine operational in 2014 has met with opposition from neighbouring communities and environmental campaigners.  A legacy of the open-cast mining is found in three lagoons that have filled the voids left by the mining.  These new additions to the landscape have coined another name for the area and together they are known as the Ebenezer Wetlands.   Mutdapilly, Mount Forbes & Lower Mount Walker: An area of isolated farmsteads lies to the south near the boundary between the City of Ipswich and the Scenic Rim Region, the total population  being 756 in 2016.  In 1824 John Oxley named a peak in this range of hills Mount Forbes, after the Chief Justice of New South Wales.  It was renamed after a shepherd named Walker, who was employed by Henry Mort of Franklyn Vale, in about 1850.  The name first appeared on a railway map in 1865.  The area became settled after 1868 when the Homestead Act opened up these lands.  The reorganisation of the administrative units in this region in 1905 and again in 2000 has resulted in the city boundary dividing these isolated communities between the City of Ipswich and the Scenic Rim Region (for greater detail see The Ones That Got Away  page). NORTH WEST TO MARBURG Two rural suburbs that were originally part of the Shire of Brassall are Muirlea and Blacksoil.  Muirlea is north of Brassall between the Warrego Highway and the Brisbane River.  A former railway station was given this name in June 1884, derived from local landowners John and Andrew Muir who came from Scotland.  It is mainly forested with little housing at present.  The Kholo Botanic Gardens (see separate section above) are located in the suburb.  Blacksoil straddles the Warrego Highway to the west of Muirlea and Brassall.  It is being developed with new housing estates.  Written record of the “black soil plains west of Ipswich” exists from 1862, and the suburb name reflects this. Pine Mountain: Situated to the north of the city, Pine Mountain is a rural area in the Lockyer Valley.  The mountain itself rises to 233 metres (764 feet) and is bounded in the north and east by the Brisbane River.  From around 1850, logging became a major industry in the district, due to the abundance of the Hoop Pine, Araucaria cunninghamii , named after botanist Allan Cunningham.  In 1824 Oxley and Cunningham explored the area and were so impressed by this tree species growing on the hills that they gave it the name of Pine Ridge.  Alternative names of Pine Hills and Pine Range were used, but it is Pine Mountain that has stuck.  Once the timber had been cut, the land became available for settlement and by the 1880s Pine Mountain had also become an important farming community. Ironbark: The next locality going west to Marburg is Ironbark, an area of isolated farmsteads north of the Warrego Highway.  It takes its name from the Grey Ironbark ( Eucalyptus paniculata ) found in these hills.  The bark is resistant to fire and heat and protects the living tissue within the trunk and branches from bushfires.  The locality is better known for being the former home of the Borallon Correctional Centre opened in 1990 as a privately operated prison, housing 492 high security prisoners.  This was rather a strange name since Borallon is about 6 km (3 miles) north of the correctional centre outside the limits of the City of Ipswich.  The prison was closed in January 2012.     Haigslea: The area east of Marburg, known as the Walloon Scrub, was settled by John Duhs and Christopher Claus from Germany in 1871 and a school was opened in 1875 with this name for the community.  It was renamed Kirchheim (Church Home) by the mainly German settlers in the district to avoid confusion with the settlement of Walloon.  It became Haigslea in 1916, named after General Douglas Haig, commander in chief of the British Army in France, because of anti-German sentiment during the First World War. WEST TO ROSEWOOD & GRANDCHESTER Karrabin: A small rural settlement on the Ipswich-Rosewood road between Wulkuraka and Walloon.  It is said that the original Walloon Saloon was located at Karrabin, and like the Walloon settlement it was not until the late 1870s that it was developed.  The name is derived from the Bundjalung language meaning “red gum”, indicating one of the species of the carbeen or karrabin tree ( Eucalyptus tessellaris ). Mount Marrow & Thagoona: On the road between Walloon and Rosewood is the small residential settlement of Thagoona, and to its north is the large rural locality of Mount Marrow, an area of isolated farmsteads.  The retired mariner, Captain John Nicol Rea, came in the early 1860s from Sydney and settled this area which he called Mount Rea after himself.  It later became Mount Marrow, probably because of its shape although this is not certain, or it might be a version of an Aboriginal word.  John Rea discovered coal in the 1870s, but the quality was poor until deeper shafts were dug when he opened the Caledonian Mine in 1889 to exploit the rich veins of the Walloon Coal Measures.  In 1888 a railway station was opened on the Ipswich-Toowoomba main line to the south of the coalfield and this was named Reaside.  A change of name to Thagoona occurred soon afterwards; this is an Ugarapul word, but the meaning is unrecorded.  This developed into the present residential commuter settlement 13 km (8 miles) west of Ipswich. West of the Rosewood-Marburg road and north of the railway line to Grandchester are small rural localities.  These are sparsely populated and comprise mainly isolated homesteads.  After the Homestead Act of 1868 land in the Rosewood Scrub to the west of Ipswich was opened for clearing and settlement.  Small townships developed around a church, school and post office in some places, but with the ease of modern road transport these have mostly declined, leaving little but a solitary building that acts as a meeting place and the local cemetery. Tallegalla on the Rosewood-Marburg road was settled in 1871 by John Dart, and the post office he opened in 1876 was given this name because of the presence of brush-turkeys in the area; talegalla  is the genus name for a brush-turkey.  The localities of Woolshed and The Bluff, with obvious descriptive names, lie in the forested area to the west of the Rosewood-Marburg road.  Agricultural land with isolated farms lies around Ashwell to the northwest of Rosewood.  Walter Loveday established Ashwell Farm in the Rosewood Scrub in 1873, naming it after a village in Hertfordshire, England, and he donated an acre of land for a school which was named after his farm in 1877. Two localities are located on the Rosewood-Grandchester road, which was originally a track in the early 1840s to the Darling Downs just along the southern edge of the scrubland.  Lanefield was a name given to the railway station here in 1887 after John Lane, a pioneer settler in 1868, whose family owned much of the land.  Further west is Calvert, a place of many overlapping former names which the sources rarely seem to get right.  So here is our attempt to sort them out.  An inn was opened here in 1843 by Samuel Owens who later sold it to a man named McKeown, and it was by this latter name that this stop on the coach route first became known.  In 1854 a village was laid out here and given the name Alfred, said to be from a nearby hill called “Alfred’s Knoll”.  The village was not originally a stop on the railway that was built in 1865, so the residents petitioned for a station.  This was opened in 1866 and named Western Creek after the nearby tributary of the Bremer River, and this name came into use.  However, the village still retained the name Alfred and when a school district was opened in 1872 it was given this name.  In 1884 the railway authorities decided to rename the station from Western Creek to Calvert, but no-one seems to know why.  It is said to have been named after James Calvert, a member of Leichhardt’s expedition in 1844, but it is just as likely to have been named after a local family.  A letter of complaint to The Brisbane Courier  in March 1886 indicated that the government maps and documents still called the settlement Alfred, but people had got used to it being called Western Creek, but now it seems to be Calvert, so what was it to be called?  In 1910 the school district was renamed Calvert as well, so by this time that name had become accepted.  However, officialdom insisted that the name was still Alfred until 19 March 1931, when the Executive Council finally approved Calvert as the official name of this settlement.       Mount Mort: This locality covers the lands either side of the Franklin Vale Creek, one of the headwaters of the Bremer River, and the furthest point southwest of the City of Ipswich.  This was part of the vast Laidley Plains sheep run taken up in 1843 by leasehold from the government.  Franklin Valley was named after Sir John Franklin, then Lieutenant Governor of Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania), 1837-1843.  In 1849 the lease passed to Thomas Mort, a Sydney businessman, who gave the management to his brother, Henry, who converted the estate into a cattle station.  In 1852 the lease was transferred to Henry Mort and his brother-in-law James Laidley, with Henry managing the Franklin Valley section (by now spelt Franklyn Vale).  The partnership was dissolved in 1869, by which time Franklyn Vale had been much reduced by government action in resuming the land leased, but still remained the largest farm holding in the valley with 10,000 acres (4,047 ha).  The present heritage-listed Franklyn Vale Homestead was erected in the early 1870s for the son-in-law and daughter of Henry Mort, the latter who now lived in Sydney.  His sons, however, continued the business and were instrumental in developing the dairy industry in Queensland. In 1884 this area was opened for settlement and a pioneer farmer was Carl Friedrich August Gehrke.  He was a German who emigrated with his family to Australia in 1871 and arrived next year at the Normanby Station of George Thorn.  In 1904 the Gehrke family donated land for a school, so in their honour the small scattered settlement was named Gehrkevale.  In September 1916 anti-German sentiment during the war caused the name to be changed to Mount Grace, to be followed two months later in November by another name change to Mount Mort, after the more prominent family who had been around since 1849.       Top of Page County of Stanley  Both Ipswich & Brisbane are situated in the County of Stanley.  It was established on 27th February 1843 and until the formation of Queensland in 1859 it was a county of New South Wales.  The Surveyor-General of NSW, Sir Thomas Mitchell, named the early counties after notable “imperial families”, Stanley being the family name of the Earls of Derby.  At the time, Edward Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby, was the Secretary of State for War & the Colonies (1841-45), and was later British Prime Minister.  Today the counties of Queensland are used mainly for the purpose of registering land titles & are otherwise non-functional administrative units. The county includes Stradbroke Island on the Pacific coast & borders four other counties: Canning, Cavendish, Churchill & Ward. Top of Pag County of Churchill  In 1845 Thomas Mitchell, Surveyor-General of New South Wales, established a county west of the County of Stanley which he called Churchill.  Mitchell wished to honour the family of the great military commander the first Duke of Marlborough.  Hence the county and the later suburb took their name from the family, not Sir Winston Churchill nor his father, Lord Randolph Churchill, neither of whom had been born in 1845.  The boundary between the counties of Churchill and Stanley was delineated in 1850.  As far as it affected the present City of Ipswich, it ran down the Brisbane River to where that river turns north by today’s Kholo Botanical Gardens, then in a straight line across country to the Bremer River where it finally turns southward at Brassall.  The boundary then went up the Bremer River and then along the Deebing Creek to its source, and from there in a straight line to Mount Goolman further south. Thus the greatest extent of the present City of Ipswich is actually in the County of Churchill as all the suburbs, located west of the Bremer River and the urban centre of Ipswich, lie in that county.  The county borders five other counties: Stanley, Cavendish, Aubigny, Merivale & Ward. Top of Page